语言学导论-第7章Language-change

LanguagechangeLanguagechangeSynchronicorDiachronic?--HistoricallinguisticsThehistoryofEnglishThehistoryofEnglishOldEnglish(450-1100AD)MiddleEnglish(1100-1500)ModernEnglishEarlyModernEnglish(1500-1800)LateModernEnglish(1800-Present)GermanicinvadersenteredBritainontheeastandsouthcoastsinthe5thcentury.OldEnglish(450-1100AD)LanguagesofthoseGermanictribesOldEnglishPartofBeowulfabouthalfofthemostcommonlyusedwordsinModernEnglishhaveOldEnglishrootsbe,strongandwaterMiddleEnglish(1100-1500)in1066WilliamtheConqueror,theDukeofNormandylinguisticclassdivisionlowerclassesEnglishupperclassesFrenchin14thcenturyEnglishdominant(Frenchwords)MiddleEnglishthelanguageofthegreatpoetChaucer(c1340-1400)AnexampleofMiddleEnglishbyChaucer.EarlyModernEnglish(1500-1800)theendofMiddleEnglishtheGreatVowelShiftthe16thcentury--1.contactwithmanypeoplesfromaroundtheworld.2.theRenaissanceofClassicallearningTheinventionofprintingthestandardizationofEnglish(thedialectofLondon)In1604thefirstEnglishdictionarywaspublishedTobe,ornottobebyShakespeare.LateModernEnglish(1800-Present)maindifference:vocabularyLateModernEnglish:manymorewordstwofactors:theIndustrialRevolutionandtechnologytheBritishEmpireatitsheightcoveredonequarteroftheearth'ssurfaceLanguagechangeAspectsofChanges:PhonologicalMorphological&syntacticLexical&semanticPhonologicalchangesOldEnglish[ā]stānhāmwrātrādModernEnglish[əu]stonehomewroterodePhonologicalchangesMiddleEnglish[i:][u:][ɔ:]ModernEnglish[ai][au][əu]E.g.,mice,mouse,brokewife,house,homeMorphologicalandsyntacticchangeMorphological:AdditionofaffixesLossofaffixesSyntactic:ChangeofwordorderChangeinnegationruleMorphologicalchangeAdditionofaffixes-ment:fromFrench-dom:fromtheworddōm(Fusion)Lossofaffixesaffixesmarkinggender–masculine,neuter,feminieSyntacticchangeChangeofwordordersubject–object–verbSVOHēohinelærdeShehimadvisedChangeinnegationruleIlovetheenot.Hesawyounot.LexicalandsemanticchangeAdditionofnewwordsLossofwordsSemanticchangesAdditionofnewwordscoinageclippedwordsblendingacronymsback-formationfunctionalshiftborrowingCoinage----AnewwordcanbecoinedoutrighttofitsomepurposeE.g.,KodakBenzClippedwords----TheabbreviationoflongerwordsorphrasesE.g.,gym—gymnasiummemo—memorandumdisco—discothequefridge—refrigeratorBlending----AblendisawordformedbycombiningpartsofotherwordsE.g.,smog—smoke+fogmotel—motor+hotelcamcorder—camera+recorderAcronyms----AcronymsarewordsderivedfromtheinitialsofseveralwordsE.g.;CBS----ColumbiaBroadcastingsystemISBN----InternationalStandardBookNumberWTOWHOPLAAIDSUNESCOAPECOPECCADSARSBack-formation----Newwordsmaybecoinedfromalreadyexistingwordsby“subtracting”anaffixthoughttobepartoftheoldword.editeditorhawkhawkerbegbeggarbaby-sitbaby-sitterFunctionalshiftonepartofspeechanother(withouttheadditionofaffixes)Nounverb:toknee,tobug,totape,tobrake…Verbnoun:ahold,aflyby,areject,aretreat…Adj.verb:tocool,tonarrow,todim,toslow…Adj.noun:adaily,aChristian,therich…BorrowingloanwordsLatin:bonuseducationexitGerman:beerwaltzquartzChinese:teakowtowsampanRussian:sputnikcommissarvodkaArabic:zeroalgebraalcoholLossofwordsRomeoandJulietBeseemtobesuitableWottoknowGyveafetterWhereforewhySemanticchangesSemanticbroadeningSemanticnarrowingSemanticshiftSemanticbroadeningholiday:[+specific]holyday[+general]anyrestdaytail:[+specific]tailofahorse[+general]tailofanyanimalSemanticnarrowingdeer:anyanimalaparticularkindofanimalmeat:foodediblepartofananimalSemanticshiftnice:ignorant(1000yearsago)good,finesilly:happynaïve,foolishSomerecenttrendsMovingtowardsgreaterinformalityE.g.,inf.Pleasedonotspeaktothedriverwhileheisdriving.formal.Passengersarerequirednottocommunicatewiththedriverwhilethevehicleisinnotion.TheinfluenceofAmericanEnglishTheinfluenceofscienceandtechnology