英国国家概况之英国经济

CollegeofForeignLanguages,HainanNormalUniversityTheSocietyandCultureofMajorEnglish-SpeakingCountriesUnit6:TheUKEconomyCollegeofForeignLanguages,HainanNormalUniversityTheSocietyandCultureofMajorEnglish-SpeakingCountriesMonday,August17,20202acottontextilefactoryafterIndustrialRevolutionI.EarlyHistory(-1900)agricultureexportwool14thC,dominantforeigntrade17thC,aleaderintextile1588defeatedSpanishArmada1700-1944BritishEmpire1750-1850IndustrialRevolutionworkshopoftheworld(P70)AWattSteamEngineCollegeofForeignLanguages,HainanNormalUniversityTheSocietyandCultureofMajorEnglish-SpeakingCountriesMonday,August17,20203CollegeofForeignLanguages,HainanNormalUniversityTheSocietyandCultureofMajorEnglish-SpeakingCountriesMonday,August17,20204CollegeofForeignLanguages,HainanNormalUniversityTheSocietyandCultureofMajorEnglish-SpeakingCountriesMonday,August17,20205II.DuringtheTwoWorldWarsBritain’sshareofworldtradefellfrom1/4in1880,1/6in1913,and1/8in1948.AnUnfavorablePosition1.debt2.endoftheempire3.Largemilitaryspending4.AcatchingupbyGermanyandJapan5.LackofarelationshipbetweenindustryandbanksCollegeofForeignLanguages,HainanNormalUniversityTheSocietyandCultureofMajorEnglish-SpeakingCountriesMonday,August17,202061900-1920theRelativeDeclineofUKEconomyBackground:AftertheSecondIndustrialRevolution,theUnitedStatesandGermanypresentedanincreasingchallengetoBritain’sroleasleaderoftheglobaleconomyandhaddevelopedlarge-scaleindustriesby1900.Britain'scomparativeeconomicadvantagehadlessened.butBritishcoloniesandforeigninvestmentlocationfromtheprofitfarmorethantheUnitedStatesandGermany.Itseconomicstrengthisstillthemoststrong,Londonisstilltheworldfinancialcenter,poundsisstilltheworld'smoststronghardcurrency,theBritishfleettoBritainstillbringhugeprofits,theBritishbankerscanstilloffertoforeigngovernmentandbusinessthemostamountofcredit.Evenso,theabsoluteadvantageafteralllost.但英国从殖民地和国外投资场所攫取的利润远远超过了美国和德国，它的经济实力仍是最雄厚的，伦敦仍是世界金融中心，英镑仍是世界上最坚挺的硬通货，英国船队仍然给英国带来巨大的利润，英国银行家仍然能向外国政府和企业界提供最大数额的信贷。CollegeofForeignLanguages,HainanNormalUniversityTheSocietyandCultureofMajorEnglish-SpeakingCountriesMonday,August17,20207•WarscausedtheEuropeanweakandtheriseofJapan,theworldpatternchanged.大战造成了欧洲的衰弱和美日的兴起，世界格局发生改变。Thewarsawanexpansionofeconomicproduction,butalsoforcedBritaintouseupitsfinancialreservesandborrowlargesumsfromtheUS战争，看到了经济生产的扩张，但也迫使英国使用其财政储备和从美国借巨款.英国从债权国变成债务国TheUnitedStatesbecamethecenteroftheworldeconomy.ThewarweakenedBritain,France,Italy;andtheunitedStatesbecametheworld'stopeconomicpower,theworldfinancialcentertransferedfromLondontoNewYork.2020年8月17日8Thisisarelativedeclineratherthananabsoluteone.Britainismorewealthierandmoreproductivethanitwasin1945,butsinceothercountriesdevelopedmorerapidly.AbsoluteDeclineandRelativeDecline绝对衰退和相对衰退。英国经济一直在不断发展中，但因其他国家发展速度较之英国更快，所以英国的世界经济地位才相对衰退。2020年8月17日9二战时期英国的“货币战争”•二战期间，英国打了一场极为隐秘的战争：反抗大面积涌入的，足以使经济崩溃的假钞。纳粹德国为了破坏英国经济，制造了价值上亿的假钞。截止1945年，三分之一强的英镑是假钞。1942年9月24日，英格兰银行收到了一捆来自英国西非银行的面值为10英镑的假钞。终身首席出纳员肯尼斯第一次发现假钞的出现居然可以横跨欧洲、非洲、中东、美洲和亚洲。银行认为，这是“有史以来最危险的假钞事件”。当时英国政府并不知道，这是一个由希特勒本人主导的阴谋：纳粹德国制造了这些纸币，旨在削弱同盟国的经济实力。战争武器：假钞将假钞作为一种战争武器并不新鲜。拿破仑曾经批准印制假冒的奥地利和俄国纸币；美国内战时，南北双方为了打击敌方财政系统，也曾广泛使用假账单。事实上，二战期间英国也建立了自己的造假队伍——“A”技术小队，但他们的工作被限制在伪造护照、文件、邮票和伪装用品的制造上，从来没有进行过大规模的假钞运作。1939年9月，丘吉尔考虑过造假的提议，但未能计划周详怎样将其付诸行动。1940年4月11日，英国特情组织的负责人拜会了首相张伯伦，询问内阁在敌人领土上散播伪造的德国马克的可能性和可取性。张伯伦总结道，英镑和德国马克的实力悬殊，“如果德国报复，我们明显会比他们的损失大”。CollegeofForeignLanguages,HainanNormalUniversityTheSocietyandCultureofMajorEnglish-SpeakingCountriesMonday,August17,202010III.During1945-1979In1945theLaborparty:ReformsnationalizationofindustrieshightaxesawelfarestateItlaidthefoundationforpostwarBritishsocialandeconomicdevelopment.1945-60sslow-70srecessionBritishdisease:soaringinflationworkers’strikeformorepayslowgrowthofproductivityCollegeofForeignLanguages,HainanNormalUniversityTheSocietyandCultureofMajorEnglish-SpeakingCountriesMonday,August17,202011III.During1945-1979??PicturesofworkhousePicturesofworkhouseCollegeofForeignLanguages,HainanNormalUniversityTheSocietyandCultureofMajorEnglish-SpeakingCountriesMonday,August17,202012IV.During1979-1997ConservativeParty(P73)Thatcher’sreform:privatizationlowtaxesreducedsocialwelfareThatcher’seconomicpolicyachievedremarkablesuccess.Negativeaspects:highunemploymentwidenedgapbetweenthepoorandtherichhighcrimeratesunsatisfactorysocialservices“Inpoliticsifyouwantanythingsaid,askaman.Ifyouwantanythingdone,askawoman.”—MargaretThatcherMargaretThatcher1979-1990JohnMajor(1990-97)132020年8月17日MargaretHildaThatcher,BaronessThatcher(born13October1925)wasPrimeMinisterofUnitedKingdomfrom1979to1990andLeaderoftheConservativePartyfrom1975to1990.Sheistheonlywomantohaveheldeitherpost.142020年8月17日Thatcherism:isthenamegiventothelaissez-fairepolicyofMargaretThatcher(1925-),Britishprimeministerfrom1979to1990.Thatcher'spolicieswere:reductionsintax;manipulationofthemoneysupplytoreduceinflation;privatizationofpublicindustry;reductionoftradeunionpower;reductionofgovernment'sroleintheeconomy;encouragementofpeopletosave,workandbuyproperty.College