美国文官制度的变革与思考(朱立言)

2009－11-181949-、、。1883《》1978《》。。。1“”“”。“‘’。”[1]。、。1883《》。。。、“”“”1121．1008722．1000321978、。。。。D035A1672-6162201001-0001-07○○Vol.7No.1Jan.,20101○○Vol.7No.1Jan.,2010。。。、。“”、。。。2。。、、、、“。”[2]。。“。、。”[3]。。“。、、、。。”①。。197820。、、“”。[5]。1。。。、、。。。2。①4。2JournalofPublicManagement。。。。。。3。、、。。。31978《》1883《》。、。“”。[6]。[7]。、、、、、、。。118“16、17、18”“4、5”。。2。、、、。。3。。。、、、。15％700。4。、、“”。50％70％。5。、。。3○○Vol.7No.1Jan.,201085％。1206。、。。“”[8]。、、。。“、。、。”[9]、。。。。。。。、、、。。。。①。、、、、、。。。。、、。、。、。、。。。。①4。4、。4。。。。、。。。“”[11]。。198970％1015％15①。。。、。1。。。。2。、。、、、。“”。3。。。。“”。4。①TheReportandRecommendationsoftheNationalCom-missiononthePublicServiceCommitteeonPostOfficeandCivilServiceU．S．HouseofRepresentativesU．S．GovernmentPrintingOfficeMay21989239JournalofPublicManagement5○○Vol.7No.1Jan.,2010。。。。、。。。。1198519869．3％10．2％。。。198564％47％1／3JD75％2050％42．7％。。5。19781988、1994、1995、2000、2006。、、。。“”、、。“。。。”1993《》①GAO/GGD-87-106FS:SeniorExecutiveService:ReasonsWhyCareerMembersLeftinFiscalYear198526-28.%1980634792614.61981619863310.2198260444848.0198361643916.3198462544336.9198562085809.31986611362310.2198761803726.061895559.011980—1987。6。2005《》。、。。1。。200320061．539020500。。。。。200795《》。2。。。。。。3。《》、《》。1ROSENBLOOMH．FederalServiceandtheConstitutionM．IthacaN．Y．CornellUniversityPress197136．2DAHLRA．PolyarchyParticipationandOppositionM．NewHavenYaleUniversityPress19711－3．3·H··S·．、M．200260．4J·C·R·C·．M．1988115．5·．M．1999．6ROSENBLOOMDH．PublicAdministrationForumCivilServiceReform1978SomeIssuesJ．MidwestReviewofPublicAdministration19799171－188．7ROSENBLOOMDHKRAVCHUKRS．PublicAdminis-trationUnderstandingManagementPoliticsandLawinthePublicSectorM．S．l．McGraw－Hill2005213－214.8·W··F·．———M．200215．9·H··S·．、M．200233．10·．M．200164．11·A·．M．1987236．JournalofPublicManagement7ABSTRACTSJournalofPublicManagementQuarterlyVol.7No.1Jan.,2010ABSTRACTS1ChangeandThinkingoftheAmericanExecutiveServiceZhuLiyan1LuDan1LongNingli2·1·1．SchoolofPublicAdministrationRenminUniversityBeijing100872China2．CentralCompilationandTranslationBureauBeijng100032ChinaAbstractID1672－6162201001－0001－EAAbstractTheadministrativepersonnelsysteminU．S．hasexperiencedgreatchangefromspoilssystemtomeritsystemandthentoSeniorExecutiveService．PresidentCarterhasestablishedSeniorExecutiveServicesince1978toregulateandmanageseniorex－ecutives．Asabridgeandlinkbetweenpoliticsappointeesandbureaucratsseniorexecutiveshavebrokenthelimitsbetweenpoli－ticsandadministrationandthengraduallygrownuptothehybrid．Theyservebothasleadersandmanagersinfederalgovernmenttoenhancethepoliticalresponsivenessandtechnicalresponsiveness．Howeverintheseniorexecutivesthenon－careerappointeesandthecareerexecutiveshavenaturallyconflictswhichledtobraindrainmoreorless．HistoricallyitisnecessarytoconcludethebestpracticeandlessonsofSeniorExecutiveServiceinU．S．andwhatwehavelearnedfromitwillbegreatlyhelpfultotheestablishmentofChinesepersonnelsystemespeciallyofChineseSeniorExecutiveService．KeyWordsCivilServiceSeniorExecutiveServiceGovernmentResponsiveness2PolicyCapacityandPublicGovernanceGuJianguang·8·SchoolofInternationalandPublicAffairsShanghaiJiaoTongUniversityShanghai200030ChinaAbstractID1672－6162201001－0008－EAAbstractDuringpastdecadesduetotheemergenceofcrisesandmarketfailureinmarketeconomytheissueofpublicpolicycapacityhasbeenchallengingbothgovernmentsandscholarswhichhasalsobecomegovernmentandacademicfocus．Howeverpolicycapacityisnotisolatedbuthascloserelationshipswithnationalcapacityandadministrativecapacityamongwhichthereisverticalstructuralrelationshipaswellashorizontalsupplementalrelationship．Thesethreecapacitiesconstituteso－calledpublicgovernanceanddifferentcountries＇policycapacitieshavetheirownevaluationcriteriaandsupportingsystems．Thispapertriestoexplorethesecomplicatedrelationships．KeywordsPolicyCapacityPublicGovernanceRelationshipIndicatorsofEvaluation3AdministrativeAbsorptionofService———ANewInterpretationoftheState－SocietyRelationshipinChineseMainlandTangWenyu·13·SchoolofGovernmentSunYat－senUniversityGuangzhou510275ChinaAbstractID1672－6162201001－0013－EAAbstractAboutthestate－societyrelationshipinChinesemainlandtherearemainlythreesortsofauthoritativeinterpretationmodelsinacademianamelycivilsocietycorporatismandadministrativeabsorptionofsociety．BasedonacasestudyofsomeJournalofPublicManagement123