语言学-第一章

Chapter1Introduction要求1无特殊情况不得请假2如果在书上做笔记，用蓝色笔做；以后用红色笔划重点3要合理利用时间记忆吸收所学过的东西4要整理一些题目的答案IWhatislinguistics?----Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.----itstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage,butlanguagesingeneral----Ittriestoanswer“whatislanguage?”“howdoeslanguagework?”“whatdoalllanguageshaveincommon”“whatmakeslanguageschange?”“howdoesachildacquirehismothertongue?”andsoon----Apersonwhostudieslinguisticsisknownasalinguist.IIThemajorbranchesoflinguisticsGenerallinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageasawhole,whichdealswiththebasicconcepts,theories,descriptions,modelsandmethodsapplicableinanylinguisticstudyAppliedlinguisticsisthestudiesofhowtoapplylinguisticfindingstosolvingsomepracticalproblemssuchastherecoveryofspeechabilityandteachingaforeignlanguageandsoon.Appliedlinguisticsisoftenreferredtolanguageteaching,especiallysecondlanguageteachingTheoreticallinguistics2.1Phonetics(语音学）isthestudyofsoundsusedinlinguisticcommunication，eg.howapersonmakeasound2.2Phonology(音位学）studieshowsoundsareputtogethertoconveymeaningincommunication,forexample,thesound/l/inleapandfeelaretwodifferentsounds,buttheyareinterchangeableandmakenodifferencesinmeaning,wecanjustleavethemasonephoneme(音位）/l/2.3Morphology(形态学）studieshowthesymbolsarearrangedandcombinedtoformwordsEnglishwecanneverput“p,t,d,m”these4letterstogethertoformawordnomatterinwhatkindoforderbecauseanEnglishwordmusthaveavowelinit,pureconsonantscanhardlyformaword(excepthmmandsomeabbreviations缩略词）2.4Syntax(句法学）studiestherulesgoverningthewordstoformgrammaticallypermissiblesentences,eg,wecansay“Iloveyou”butwecanneversay“Iyoulove”becausethereisarulethatweshouldputthesubjectatthebeginningofthesentenceandputtheobjectaftertheverb.2.5Semantics(语义学）canbesimplydefinedasthestudyofmeaning.Forexample,thebasicmeaningoftheworddog:ananimalwith4legsandatail,oftenkeptasapetortrainedforworksuchashuntingorguardingbuildings.A:IlikedogsB:Isawalotofdogsyesterday.Themeaningoftheworddoginthese2sentencesaredifferentforinA,itreferstodogsingeneralbutinB,itreferstosomeparticulardogs.2ThescopeormajorbranchesoflinguisticsUseoflinguistics2.6Pragmatics(语用学）isthestudyofmeaninginacontextoflanguageuse.Wife:Oh,darling,Ilikethisgoldearringverymuch.Husband:Youknow,I’mnowoutofjob.Whatisthesemanticmeaningofthe2sentences?Whatisthepragmaticalmeaning?2.7Sociolinguistics(社会语言学）isthestudyofsocialaspectsoflanguageanditsrelationwithsociety,forexample,dirtywordsarespokenindifferentsocialclasses,buttheextentofspeakingitisvariedconcerningdifferentarea,educationbackgroundandsoon.2.8Psycholinguistics（心理语言学）isthestudyoflanguagethatrelatestopsychologysuchashowourmindworkswhenweuselanguage,howwememorizeandhowweprocesstheinformationwereceiveincommunication.ⅢSomeimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics3.1Descriptivevs.prescriptiveDescriptive(描写性的）----describeoranalyzelinguisticfactsobservedorlanguagepeopleactuallyuse(modernlinguistic)Prescriptive（规定性的）----laydownrulesfor“correct”linguisticbehaviorinusinglanguage(traditionalgrammar)3.2Synchronicvs.diachronicSynchronicstudy（共时的）----descriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftime(modernlinguistics)Diachronicstudy（历时的）----descriptionofalanguagethroughtime(historicaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime)3.3Speechvs.writingSpeech(言语)----primarymediumoflanguage.Spokenlanguageispriortowriting,itplaysagreaterrolethanwritinglanguage.EventodaytherearestillsomelanguageswithoutwrittenformWriting（文字）----itislaterdevelopedandisonlythe“revised”recordofspeech.3.4Languevs.parole(F.deSaussure索绪尔)Langue----theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofthespeechcommunity.(ie,Chineselinguisticsystem,English)Parole----therealizationoflangueinactualuse.Itdiffersfrompersontoperson,andfromtimetotime.(ie.hehadsaidthat……)Saussuretakesasociologicalviewoflanguageandhisnotionoflangueisamatterofsocialconventions.3.5Competenceandperformance(Chomsky)语言能力语言应用乔姆斯基Competence----theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguagePerformance----theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunicationChomskylooksatlanguagefromapsychologicalpointofviewandtohimcompetenceisapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.3.6Traditionalgrammarvs.modernlinguisticsTraditionalgrammar----prescriptive,written,Latin-basedframeworkModernlinguistics-----descriptive,spoken,notnecessarilyLatin-basedframeworkⅣWhatislanguage?4.1Languagecanmeanwhatapersonsays(e.g.badlanguage,expressions)thewayofspeakingorwriting(e.g.Shakespeare’slanguage,Luxun’slanguage)aparticularvarietyorlevelofspeechorwriting(e.g.languageforspecialpurpose,colloquiallanguage)theabstractsystemunderlyingthetotalityofthespeech/writingbehaviorofacommunity(e.g.Chineselanguage,firstlanguage)thecommonfeaturesofallhumanlanguages(e.g.Hestudieslanguage)atoolforhumancommunication.(socialfunction)asetofrules.(rule-governed)Sapir’sdefinition(1921)萨丕尔“Languageisapurelyhumanandnon-instinctivemethodofcommunicatingideas,emotionsanddesiresbymeansofvoluntarilyproducedsymbols.”Hall’sdefinition(1968)霍尔Languageis“theinstitutionwherebyhumanscommunicateandinteractwitheachotherbymeansofhabituallyu