English-Lexicology-(II)

“Withoutgrammarverylittlecanbeconveyed,withoutvocabularynothingcanbeconveyed.”EnglishLexicology(II)EnglishLexicology(II)2Contents5.Word-FormationI:theMajorProcesses6.Word-FormationII:theMinorProcesses7.MotivationTobecontinuedChapter5Word-FormationI:TheMajorProcesses5.1GeneralRemarks5.2Prefixation5.3Suffixation5.4Conversion5.5CompoundingEnglishLexicology(II)45.1GeneralRemarksThethreemajorprocessesaffixationorderivation(17.5%)Prefixationsuffixationconversion(10.5%)compositionorcompounding(27%)EnglishLexicology(II)55.2PrefixationThedefinitionofprefixationPrefixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingprefixestostems.Prefixesdonotgenerallychangetheword-classofthestembutonlymodifyitsmeaning.However,thereisaninsignificantnumberofclass-changingprefixesNon-class-changingprefixes:natural-unnatural,like-dislike,fair-unfairClass-changingprefixes:force-enforce,danger-endanger,form-deform,little-belittle,war-postwar,college-intercollegeEnglishLexicology(II)65.2PrefixationTheclassificationofprefixesInsomereferencebooks,prefixes(andsuffixes)areclassifiedaccordingtotheirsource,butthisdoesnotseemtohelpfromapracticalpointofview.Itseemsmorehelpfultoclassifythemostimportantproductiveprefixesbytheirmeaningintothefollowingtencategories:EnglishLexicology(II)75.2Prefixation1)Negativeprefixesa-/an-amoral,asexual,atheism,anacid,anarchy,dis-dishonest,discontent,discover,disobey,disagreein-Incomplete,inconsistent,incorrect,invulnerable,illogical,illegal,impolite,immoral,imbalance,irrational,irregularnon-nonviolent,non-cooperation,nonautomatic,nonadjustable,nonalcoholicun-uninformative,unexpected,unease,unrestEnglishLexicology(II)85.2PrefixationOrderLiterateSymmetryGovernmentalRelevantProductiveBelievableVulnerableSaneRelatedAlignedMatureDisorderIlliterateAsymmetryNongovernmentalIrrelevantUnproductiveUnbelievableInvulnerableInsaneUnrelatedNonalignedImmatureEnglishLexicology(II)95.2Prefixation2)Reversativeorprivativede-defrost,deregulation,degeneration,deformed,denationalizeun-undo,unpack,untie,unwrap,unmaskdis-disconnect,dishearten,disinterestedEnglishLexicology(II)105.2PrefixationCentralizePlaneInfectZipRegulatePossessPolluteDecentralizeDeplaneDisinfectUnzipDeregulateDispossessDepolluteEnglishLexicology(II)115.2Prefixation3)Pejorativeprefixesmis-misguide,misapplication,misbehavior,mischoice,misgivingmal-maladjustment,maldigestion,malfunction,maldevelopmentpseudo-pseudonym,pseudoscience,pseudoclassic,pseudo-friendEnglishLexicology(II)125.2Prefixation4)Prefixesofdegreeorsizehyper-hyperactive,hypercritical,hyperaggressive,hypercautiousultra-ultramodern,ultrasecret,ultraclean,ultrasonic,ultraconservativemini-minibus,minicamera,miniskirtout-outdo,outgrown,outliveover-overwork,overestimate,overemphasize,overabundance,overburdenunder-underdeveloped,underpopulation,undergraduatesuper-supermarket,superpower,superstarsub-subadult,subtitle,subbreed,subatomEnglishLexicology(II)135.2PrefixationComputerCriticalConsciousNaturalSensitiveSimpleNumberStatementcultureMinicomputerUltracritic/hypercriticSubconsciousSupernaturalHypersensitive/ultrasensitiveOversimpleOutnumberUnderstatementSubcultureEnglishLexicology(II)145.2Prefixation5)Prefixesoforientationandattitudeco-Co-author,co-star,co-prosperity,cooperationcounter-Counterexample,counterclaim,counteractive,counterattack,counterculture,countermeasureanti-anti-abortion,anti-art,antiwar,antibacterial,antisocial,anticancer,antibodypro-pro-American,pro-revolutionary,pro-Fascism,pro-student,proslaveryEnglishLexicology(II)155.2Prefixation6)Locativeprefixesfore-forearm,foreleg,forename,forewordinter-international,intergovernmental,intertwine,interdisciplinary,intercollegetrans-transatlantic,transoceanic,transform,transplanttele-telephone,telegram,telecommunicationEnglishLexicology(II)165.2PrefixationViewConferenceContinentalGroundCastSpecificRacialShoreInterviewteleconferenceIntercontinentalForegroundTelecastTranspacificTransracialForeshoreEnglishLexicology(II)175.2Prefixation7)Prefixesoftimeandorderex-ex-husband,ex-president,ex-colony,ex-convictfore-foresee,foretell,forefather,forewarnpre-premature,prewar,prehistoric,prepay,premaritalpost-post-election,postwar,postgraduate,postdoctoralEnglishLexicology(II)185.2Prefixation8)Numberprefixesuni-/mono-unilateral,unicell,unicircuit,unicolor,unicycle,unidimensional,uniform,unipolar,monoxide,monocrystal,monogamy,monologuebi-/di-bicycle,bilingual,bimonthly,dioxide,dialogue,dichotomy,disyllabletri-triangular,triatomic,trimonthly,trilateral,trilingualmulti-/poly-multipurpose,multipolar,multiangular,multilingual,polyatomic,polycrystal,polygamysemi-semicircle,semiliterate,semivowel,semiannual,semicolony,semiautomaticEnglishLexicology(II)195.2PrefixationLingualLateralPolarDimensionalUnilingual,bilingual,trilingual,multilingualUnilateral,bilateral,trilateral,multilateralUnipolar,bipolar,tripolar,multipolarUnidimensional,bidimensional,tridimensional(three-dimensional),multidi