欧洲文化知识总括

1《欧洲文化入门》知识总括Introduction1、TherearemanyelementsconstitutingEuropeanCulture.2、Therearetwomajorelements：Greco-RomanelementandJudeo-Christianelement.3、TherichnessofEuropeanCulturewascreatedbyGreco-RomanelementandJudeo-Christianelement.Unit11、The5thcenturyclosedwithcivilwarbetweenAthensandSparta.2、TheeconomyofAthensrestedonanimmenseamountofslavelabor.3、Olympusmount，Revivedin1896（当代奥运会）4、AncientGreekepicswerecreatedbyHomer.5、TheyeventsofHomer‘sowntime.（F）（TheyarenotabouteventsofHomer‘sowntime，probablyintheperiod1200-1100B.C.）6、TheHomer‘sepicsconsistedofIliadandOdyssey.7、Agamemnon，Hector，AchillesareinIliad.8、OdysseusandPenelopeareinOdyssey.9、Odyssey（对其作品产生影响）—→JamesJoyoe‘sUlysses（描述一天的生活）;inthe20thcentury.10、DramainAncientGreecewasflouredinthe5thcenturyB.C.11、三大悲剧大师①Aeschylus《PrometheusBound》—→模仿式作品Shelly《PrometheusUnbound》②Sophocles（之首）《OedipustheKing》—→Freud‘s“theOedipuscomplex”（恋母情结）—→DavidHerbertLawrence’s《Sonsandlovers》（劳伦斯）③EuripidesA.《TrojanWomen》B.Heisthefirstwriterof“problemplays”.Perfection----Ibsen2Climax----BernardShawC.ElizabethBrowningcalledhim“Euripidesthehuman”D.RealismcanbetracedbacktotheAncientGreece.Tobespecific，Euripides.12、TheonlyrepresentativeofGreekcomedyisAristophanes.18页Aristophaneswritesaboutnature.—→浪漫主义湖畔派（Thelakers）Wordsworth）13、History（Historicalwriting）※“FatherofHistory”—→Herodotus—→war（betweenGreeksandPersians）ThiswariscalledPeloponnesianwars.只是陈述史实，并没有得出理论。※“Thegreatesthistorianthateverlived.”（有史以来最伟大的历史学家）—→Thucydides—→war（Sparta，AthensandSyracuse）14、TheGreekhistoricalwritingwritesmainlyaboutwars.15、受希腊文化影响的传教士St.Paul.Democritus（Materialism）16、希腊文化中的哲学被基督教所吸收17、①Euclid‘sElementsItwasinuseinEnglishschoolsuntiltheearlyyearsofthe20thcentury.（历史地位）②Archimedes选择：Givemeaplacetostand，andIwillmovetheworld.谁的理论（Archimedes）18、Architecture古希腊建筑三大风格名词解释19、Thefamoustemples：TheAcrpolisatAthensandtheParthenon.20、TheburningofCorinthin146B.C.MarkedRomanconquestofGreece.21、ThemeltingbetweenRomanCultureandGreekCulture.（罗马征服希腊的标志）22、From146B.C.，LatinwasthelanguageofthewesternhalfoftheRomanEmpire.Greekthatoftheeasternhalf.23、BothLatinandGreekbelongtoIndo-Europeanlanguage.24、TheRomanwriterHoracesaid“captiveGreecetookherrudeconquerorcaptive”。25、ThedividingrangeintheRomanhistoryrefersto27B.C.26、Theyear27B.C.DividedtheRomanhistoryintotwoperiods：republicandempire.27、TheideaofRepubliccanbetracedbacktoPlato‘srepublic.328、ThelandareaofRomanempirereacheditsclimaxin2to3century.29、north：Scotlandeast：ArmeniaandMesopotamia30、名解PaxRomana33、TheRomanLawprotectedtherightsofplebeians.34、TheimportantcontributionmadebytheRomanstotheEuropeanculturewastheRomanLaw.35、After395，theempirewasdividedintoEast（theByzantineEmpire）andWest.36、Ciceronianstyle37、JuliusCaesarcommentaries“Icame，Isaw，Iconquered.”38、Virgil----Aeneid阿尼德39、Thepantheonwasbuiltin27B.C.Theworld‘sfirstvastinteriorspace.40、TheColosseum41、Sculpture---She-wolf42、TherepresentationformofGreekDemocracyiscitizen-assembly.43、TheembodimentofGreekdemocracyiscitizen-assembly.论述简答一、Whatisthelimitationof“Democracy”inancientGreece？（名解简答）（Howdoyouunderstand“Democracy”inancientGreece？Whatisthedifferencebetween“Democracy”inancientGreeceandmoderndemocracy？）答：①Democracymeans“exerciseofpowerbythewholepeople”，butinGreeceby“thewholepeople”theGreeksmeantonlytheadultmalecitizens.②Women，children，foreignersandslaveswereexcludedfromDemocracy.二、HowdidtheGreekCultureoriginateanddevelop？答：①Probablyaround1200B.C.，awarwasfoughtbetweenGreeceandtroy.ThisisthewarthatHomerreferstoinhisepics.②Greekculturereachedahighpointofdevelopmentinthe5thcenturyB.C.A.ThesuccessfulrepulseofthePersianinvasionearlyinthe5thcentury.4B.Theestablishmentofdemocracy.C.Theflourishingofscience，philosophy，literature，artandhistoricalwritinginAthens.③The5thcenturyclosedwithcivilwarbetweenAthensandSparta.④Inthesecondhalfofthe4thcenturyB.C.，GreecewasconqueredbyAlexander，kingofMacedon.Wheneverhewentandconquered，wheneverGreekculturewasfound.⑤MeltingbetweenGreekcultureandRomanculturein146B.C.，theRomansconqueredGreece.三、HowdidtheAncientGreekphilosophydevelop？答：（1）、Threefounders1、Pythagoras①Allthingswerenumbers.②Scientificmathematics.③Theoryofproportion.2、Heracleitue①Fireistheprimaryelementsoftheuniverse.②Thetheoryoftheminglingofoppositesproducedharmony.3、Democritus①theatomictheory.②materialism.（2）、Threethinkers1、Socrates①Hehadn‘twrittenworks.WecanknowhimfromPlato’sdialogues.②ThedialecticalmethodwasestablishedbySocrates.2、Plato①TheAcademyisthefirstschoolintheworld，itwasestablishedbyPlato.②Hehasfourworks.Dialogues，Apology，SymposiumandRepublic.3、Aristotle①TheLyceumisthesecondschoolintheworld，itwasestablishedbyAristotle.②Aristotleisahumanist.（2）、Fivecontendingschools51、TheSophists①UndertheleadershipofProtagoras.②TherepresentativeofworkisOntheGod.③Hisdoctrineis“manisthemeasureofallthings”。2、TheCynics①UndertheleadershipofDiogenes.②Theword“cynic”means“dog”inEnglish.③Heproclaimedhisbrotherhood.Andhehadnopatiencewiththerichandpowerful.3、TheSceptics①UndertheleadershipofPyrrhon.②Histhoughtisnotallknowledgewasattainable，anddoubtingthetruthof