1.Greek-Culture-1-2讲

DIVISIONONE-----GREEKCULTUREANDROMANCULTURE07年5~7月ⅰGREEKCULTURE考试题型：论述题*HowdidGreekcultureoriginateanddevelop?答题思路：origin→climax/highpointofit→decline→prevailing→melting1.Thehistoricalcontexts-----GreekhistoryA.origin-----Probablyaround1200B.C.B.climax/highpointofit----inthe5thcenturyB.C.简答题型：whichwasmarked/characterized:a.thesuccessfulrepulseofthePersianinvasionearlyinthecenturyb.theestablishmentofthedemocracyc.theflourishingofthescience,philosophy,literature,artandhistoricalwritinginAthens(共五点)*标志文化的三个角度：Intermsofwar;politics;learning(战争政治学术)C.decline-----in5thcenturyB.C.ItclosedwiththecivilwarbetweenAthensandSpartaD.prevailing-----inthesecondhalfofthe4thcenturyB.C.（4世纪后半叶）*allGreekwasundertheruleofAlexander,kingofMacedon;Whereverheconquered,wherevertheGreekculturewasfound.E.melting----in146B.C.,withflourishingcentersofGreeklearning,suchasAlexandria,aroundtheMediterranean;GreekcultureandRomanculturebegantobemeltedwitheachother.2.SocialandPoliticalStructure(1)Democracymeans：-----“exerciseofpowerbythewholepeople”(2)Threeprepositions:TheGreeksmeantonlythe:adultmalecitizens(3)limitations:women,children,foreigners,andslaveswereexcluded.Theyhadnorights.(4)TheeconomyofAthensrestedonanimmenseamountofslavelabor;ThepoliticsofAthensrestedondemocracy.(5)TheGreekslovedsports.*theOlympicgameswasrevivedintheyearof1896inmoderntimes.*theOlympicGameswasoriginatedintheancientGreekintheyearof775~776B.C.3~5.Homer----livedaround700B.C.考试题型：（1）howdidtheGreekliteratureoriginateanddevelop？A.Epicsa.HomerwasthefounderofGreekepicsb.Twogreatepics:theIliadandtheOdysseyc.Durationtime:intheperiod1200----1100B.C.Introduction:*TheIliaddealswiththeallianceofthestatesofthesouthernmainlandofGreece.*TheOdysseydealswiththereturnofOdysseusaftertheTrojanwartohishomeislandofIthaca.ItdescribesmanyadventuresheranintoonhisseavoyageandhowfinallyhewasreunitedwithhisfaithfulwifePenelope.B.Lyricpoetry←→epicsC.※Dramaa.theGreeksstartedperformplaysatthereligiousfestivals.b.time:Greekdramadevelopedinthe5thcenturyB.C.;intheopen-airtheatresc.Actorsworemasks.著名：a)Aeschylus-----埃斯库洛斯①PrometheusBound《被缚的普罗米修斯》②Thereareonlytwoactorsandachorus;theplaysarewrittenintheverse.③ShelleywroteaparodynamedPrometheusunboundintheEnglishromanticism.b)Sophocles----索夫克里斯①Oedipustheking俄狄浦斯②Headdedathirdactoranddecreasedthesizeoftheplay;③AustrianpsychiatristSigmundFreud’sterm“theOedipuscomplex”恋母情结wasalsoderivedfromSophocles’splay.c)Euripides----欧里庇得斯*Realismcanbetracedbacktotheancienttime,tobespecific:Euripides.ThisisthefundamentaldifferencesbetweenRomanticismandRealism1.Euripideswrotemainlyaboutwomen---Trojanwomen.《特洛伊妇女》2.Euripidesismoreofarealist.3.Hischaractersarelessheroic,morelikeordinarypeople.4.Hemaybethefirsttowritethe“problemplay”:Itsorigin----Euripides社会问题剧↗Itsperfection----Ibsen(易卜生)Itsclimax----Bernardchaw肖伯纳5.hishistoricalposition:“Euripidesthehuman”commentedbytheEnglishpoetessElizabethBrowninginthe19thcentury.D.Comedy---flourishedinthe5thcenturyB.C.著名的：*Aristophanes----阿里斯托芬：①AristophanesisthebestrepresentativeoftheGreekcomedy.②AristophaneswrotemainlyaboutthenatureandtheEnglishLakepoetsfollowedsuit.③Hislanguagestyle:coarselanguage.（粗糙语言）④Hishistoricalposition:---byEnglishSwiftAsforcomicAristophanes,Thedogtoowittyandtooprofaneis.6.History*HistoricalwritingstartedearlyinGreece.著名的（选；简答题）a.Herodotus----希罗多德(484~430B.C.)①Herodotusisoftencalled“fatherofhistory”.②HerodotuswroteaboutthewarsbetweenGreeksandPersians.（希波战争）③Herodotus’history,fulloftheanecdotes,名人轶事digressions名人琐事andlivelydialogue鲜活的对话,iswonderfullyreadable.b.Thucydides-----修昔底德斯*一句话简答：whatarethemajordifferencesbetweentheHerodotusandThucydides?(没考过)ANSWER:ⅰThucydideswasmoreaccuratethanHerodotusasahistorian.ⅱThucydidestracedeventstotheircausesandbroughtouttheireffects.（追根溯源）ⅲhishistoricalposition:“thegreatestthateverlived”---bytheEnglishhistorianMacaulay.[英]（历史学家）7.Philosophyandscience（一）philosophy☆重点*问答题：HowdidGreekphilosophyoriginateanddevelop?A.ThreefoundersB.ThreethinkersC.Thefivecontendingschools五大哲学流派A.Threefoundersa.Pythagoras-----毕达哥拉斯（580~500B.C）①Allthingswerenumbers.万物皆由数字构成。②Hewasthefounderofthescientificmathematics.③Thefirsttheoryofproportion---point,line,surface首次提出点线面理论的人b.Heracleitus(540~480B.C.)①Fireistheprimaryelementoftheuniverse.火是万物之源②Heholdsthetheoryoftheminglingoftheoppositesandbelievedthatitwasthestrifebetweentheoppositethatproducedtheharmony.矛盾的对立统一原则。C.Democritus----德谟克利特(460~370B.C.）①Speculatedabouttheatomicstructureofthematter-----theatomictheory原子学说②Theearliestphilosophicalmaterialist.朴素的唯物主义思想/哲学唯物论↓*Plato’sidealisticideasareopposedtoDemocritus’Materialisticideas.*Plato(唯心)←→Democritus（唯物）（一）philosophy*问答题---（重现一次）HowdidGreekphilosophyoriginateanddevelop?A.ThreefoundersB.ThreethinkersC.Thefivecontendingschools五大哲学流派B.threethinkers-----relations/linksbetweenthem:teachingandbeingtaught师生关系a.Socrates(about470---399B.C.)1.WeknowSocrateschieflythroughwhatPlatorecordedofhiminthefamousDialogues.*Socratesleftnowrittenworksforustoreferto,butthr