Lecture-3-英语专业学生学习课件之《英语词汇学》

1Lecture32Lecture3讲授题目：MorphologicalStructureofEnglishWords所属章节：《现代英语词汇学概论》之第2章计划学时：2periods教学方法：传统讲授法参考资料：《英语词汇学教程》、《英语词汇学》教学目的和要求：通过本单元的学习，学生对词的形态结构、词的构成要素——词素、词干、词根有基本的了解和认识。3MorphologicalStructureofEnglishWords教学重点：1)Morpheme;2)Typesofmorphemes.教学难点：1)Conceptofmorpheme;2)Morpheme、stem、base、root.4Lecture3MorphologicalStructureofEnglishWordsBeforeweactuallydealwiththemeansofword-formation,weneedtoanalyzethemorphologicalstructureofwordsandgainaworkingknowledgeofthedifferentword-formingelementswhicharetobeusedtocreatenewwords.51.Morpheme(词素/语素/形位)Awordisthesmallestunitofalanguagethatstandsalonetocommunicatemeaning.Structurally,awordisnotthesmallestunitbecausemanywordscanbeseparatedintoevensmallermeaningfulunits.Lookatthefollowingitems:6Lecture3MorphologicalStructureofEnglishWordsyesyesunhappinessun-happi-nesshorseshorse-stalkingtalk-ing7Lecture3Yeshasnointernalgrammaticalstructure.Wecouldanalyzeitsconstituentsounds,[j]、[e]、[s],butnoneofthesehasameaninginisolation.Sothethreesoundsarecalledphonemesratherthanmorphemes.Bycontrast,horse,talkandhappyplainlyhaveameaning,asdotheelementsattachedtothem:un-carriesanegativemeaning;8Lecture3-nessexpressesastateorquality;-sexpressesplural;and–inghelpstoconveyasenseofduration.Theseminimalmeaningfulunitsareknownasmorphemes.Inotherwords,①themorphemeis‘thesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwords’(crystal1985)9MorphologicalStructureofEnglishWords②Themorphemeisthesmallestmeaningfullinguisticunitoflanguage,notdivisibleoranalyzableintosmallerforms.WhatisusuallyconsideredasinglewordinEnglishmaybecomposedofoneormoremorphemes:Onemorpheme---nationTwomorphemes---nation-alThreemorphemes---nation-al-izeFourmorphemes---de-nation-al-ize（使…非国有化）Morethanfourmorphemes---de-nation-al-iz-ation102.Allomorph(形位变体，词/语素变体）Sometimesamorphememayhavetwoormoredifferentmorphologicalformsorphoneticforms,dependingonthecontextinwhichitoccurs.Forexample,theprefixsubcanberealizedassubasinsubway,supasinsupportandsuppress,sucasinsucceed,andsusasinsustain.Thatis,whensuboccursbeforearootbeginningwiththesound/p/itisrealizedassupandwhenitisaddedarootwithabeginningsound/k/andabeginninglettercitisrealizedassuc.Thesedifferentmorphologicalorphoneticformsofamorphemeareallomorphsofthemorpheme.11Otherexamples:im-beforep,b,orm,imperfect,imbalance,immobile;ir-beforer,irresponsible,irregular;il-beforel,illegal,illogical;in-beforeallotherconsonantsandvowels,inflexible,inexcusable;im-,ir-,andil-arethusallomorphsofthemorpheme,in-.Allomorphalsotakesplaceinsuffixes:12ion/-tion/-sion/-ationarethepositionalvariantsofthesamesuffix.Verbsendingwiththesound/t/usuallytake–ion(asininvent,invention);verdsendingwithconsonantsotherthan/t/take–tion(asindescribe,description);verbsendingin–ifyand–ize,take–ation(asinjustify,justification;modernize,modernization);verbsendingin–d,-de,or–mit,take–sion(asinexpansion,decision,omission);thereareexceptions:attend,attention;convert,conversion,etc.13DefinitionofAllmorph“Anallomorphisanyofthevariantformsofamorphemeasconditionedbypositionoradjoiningsounds”(Webster’sNewWorldDictionaryoftheAmericanLanguage).14Lecture3MorphologicalStructureofEnglishWords3.TypesofMorphemesTherearedifferentwaysofclassifyingmorphemes.Thepopularmethodistogroupthemintofreemorphemesandboundmorphemes.15MorphologicalStructureofEnglishWords①Freemorphemes:(thosethataremeaningfulandcanbeusedfreelyandindependentlysuchasearth,wind,boy,bite,etc.)Freemorphemesfallintotwocategories:※Thefirstcategoryisthatsetofordinarynouns,adjectivesandverbswhichwethinkofasthewordswhichcarrythe“content”ofmessagesweconvey.Thesefreemorphemesarecalledlexicalmorphemesandsomeexamplesare:boy,man,house,sad,long,yellow,open,look,etc.16Lecture3MorphologicalStructureofEnglishWordsTheothergroupoffreearecalledfunctionalmorphemes.Examplesare:and,but,when,because,on,in,the,that,it.Thissetconsistslargely0fthefunctionalwordsinthelanguagesuchasconjunctions,prepositions,articlesandpronouns.17Lecture3MorphologicalStructureofEnglishWords②BoundMorphemes(粘附词素)Morphemeswhichcanmotoccur(standalone)asseparatewordsareboundmorphemes.Theyaresonamedbecausetheyareboundtoothermorphemestoformwords.AlltheaffixesinEnglishareboundmorphemes.Let’stakerecollection,idealisticandex-prisonerforexample.18Lecture3MorphologicalStructureofEnglishWordsrecollection(re+collect+ion)idealistic(ideal+ist+ic)ex-prisoner(ex+prison+er)Eachofthethreewordscomprisesthreemorphemes,therearealtogetherninemorphemes,ofwhichonlycollect,idealandprisoncanexistbythemselves.Theyarefreemorphemes.19Lecture3MorphologicalStructureofEnglishWordsAlltherestre-,-ion,-ist,-ic,ex-and–erareboundmorphemesasnoneofthemarefreestandingunits.※Boundmorphemesincludetwotypes:boundrootandaffix.20Lecture3MorphologicalStructureofEnglishWords①Boundroot——aboundrootisthatpartofwordthatcarriesthefundamentalmeaningjustlikeafreemorphem.Unlikeafreemorphem,itisaboundformandhastocombinewithothermorphemestomakewords.21例词基本第一种第二种意义单位符号(词)符号（词根）人mananthro花floweranth(o)时timechron色colourchrom水waterhydr(o)石stonelite(o)