Lecture--5---英语词汇学学习课件PPT

Lecture5MinorProcessesofWordFormation1.Blending•Thedefinitionofblending–Blending（拼缀法）isaprocessofword-formationinwhichanewwordisformedbycombiningpartsoftwowords.Structurallyblendsmaybedividedintofourtypes.Lecture5MinorProcessesofWordFormation(1)head+tailautocidefromautomobile+suicide利用汽车自杀motelfrommotor+hotel汽车旅馆slurbfromslum+suburb郊区贫民窟Lecture5MinorProcessesofWordFormation(1)head+tailbrunchfrombreakfast+lunch早中饭smogfromsmoke+fog烟雾bashfrombang+smash重击OxbridgefromOxford+CambridgeLecture5MinorProcessesofWordFormation(2)head+headcomsatfromcommunication+satellite通讯卫星telexfromteleprinter+exchange用户直通电报sitcomfromsituation+comedy情景喜剧psywarfrompsychological+warfare心理战Lecture5MinorProcessesofWordFormationhumintfromhuman+intelligence(谍报）Microsoftfrommicrocomputer+softwarepixelfrompix+element像素slo-mofromslow+motion慢动作Lecture5MinorProcessesofWordFormation(3)head+wordmedicarefrommedical+care医疗保健EurasiafromEurope+Asia欧亚（大陆）telequizefromtelephone+quize电话测试autocampfromautomobile+camp汽车野营Lecture5MinorProcessesofWordFormation(3)head+worddocudramafromdocumentary+drama文献电影片Motownfrommotor+town汽车城音乐fortnightfromfourteen+nightbrashfrombold+rash轻率的、冒失的Lecture5MinorProcessesofWordFormation(4)word+taillunarnautfromlunar+astronaut登月宇船员bookmobilefrombook+automobile流动图书馆workfarefromwork+welfare工作福利制tourmobilefromtour+automobile旅游汽车Lecture5MinorProcessesofWordFormation(4)word+tailvideophonefromvideo+telephoneskyjackfromsky+hijack空中劫机dumbfoundfromdumb+confound使惊讶，使惊呆Lecture5MinorProcessesofWordFormation※Blendsaremostlyusedinwritingrelatedtoscienceandtechnology,andtonewspapersandmagazines.ThoughmanyofthemhavealreadyachievedcurrencyinEnglish,theyarestillconsideredtobeslangandinformalbysomeserious-mindedpeople.Therefore,itisadvisablenottousesuchwordstoooften,particularlyinformalwriting.Lecture5MinorProcessesofWordFormation2.Clipping截短法Clippingistoshortenalongerwordbycuttingapartofftheoriginalandusingwhatremainsinstead.Therearefourcommontypesofclipping:Lecture5(1)Frontclipping(截前留后/截除词首)quake(earthquake)copter(helicopter)scope(telescope)phone(telephone)bus(omnibus)burger(hamburger)chute(parachute)tie(necktie)cello(violoncello)-----大提琴cycle(bicycle)plane(aeroplane)dozer(bulldozer)-----推土机Lecture5Clipping(2)Backclipping(截后留前/截除词尾)dorm(dormitory)memo(memorandum)mini(miniskirt)photo(photograph)kilo(kilogram)lab(laboratory)expo(exposition)gent(gentleman)Lecture5(3)Frontandbackclipping(截除首尾/截前后留中间)flu—influenza(流感)script—prescription(处方)dept—departmenttec—detective(侦探)ass—assistantLecture5(4)Phraseclipping(截词组、词组也可以截短)dailypaper→daily(日报);weekly→weeklypaper(周报)taximetercab→taxi(计程车);popularmusic→pop流行音乐zoologicalgarden→zoo(动物园);permanentwave→perm烫发publichouse→pub酒吧、酒馆Lecture53.Acronymy(首字母拼音法)Acronymyistheprocessofformingnewwordsbyjoiningtheinitiallettersofnamesofsocialandpoliticalorganizationsorspecialnounphrasesandtechnicalterms.Wordsformedinthiswayarecalledinitialismsoracronyms.3.Acronymy(1)Initialisms首字母缩略（合）词Initialismsarewordspronouncedletterbyletter.Thelettersareseparatedbyperiods,butmostofthemhavenoperiodsbetweenletters.（英国人经常不加圆点，美国人经常加圆点，总的倾向是不加圆点。）(1).InitialismsA.D—AnnoDomini;B.C—BeforeChristVOA—VoiceofAmerica;BBC—BritishBroadcastingCorporationUFO—UnidentifiedFlyingObject;IOC—InternationalOlympicsCommitteeCIS—CommonwealthofIndependentStates(独联体)ISBN=InternationalStandardBookNumberCAD=computerassisteddesignDNA=deoxyribonucleicacid(1)Initialisms•CPU•DIY•CEO•IT•AI•SOS•IDD•GMT•VIP•P.S.•a.m.•p.m.•centralprocessingunit•Doityourself•ChiefExecutiveOfficer•Informationtechnology•artificialintelligence•Saveourship•internationaldirectdial•GreenwichMeanTime•veryimportantperson•postscript(附言)•antemeridiem•postmeridiem(1).Initialisms•WHO(WorldHealthOrganization)•CIA(CentralIntelligenceAgency)•FBI(FederalBureauofInvestigation)•NPC(NationalPeople’sCongress)•CPPCC(ChinesePeople’sPoliticalConsultativeConference)•ASEN(AssociationofSouth-eastAsiaNations)(东盟)(1).Initialisms•NBA(NationalBasketballAssociation)•GATT(GeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade)(2).Acronyms(首字母拼音词)Acronymsarewordsformedfrominitiallettersbutpronouncedasanormalword.NATO—theNorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization北大西洋公约组织UNESCO—theUnitedNationsEducationScienceandCultureOrganization联合国教科文组织CORE—CongressofRacialEquality(美)争取种族平等大会SARS—severeacuterespiratorysyndromeAIDS—acquiredimmunedeficiencysyndromeSALT—strategicarmslimitationtalks（限制战略武器会谈）(2)Acronyms(首字母拼音词)•Tofel•ROM•radar•OPEC•SAM•TestofEnglishasaforeignlanguagereadonlymemory只读内存RadiodetectingandrangingOrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountriesSurface-to-air-missile(地对空导弹）(2).AcronymsSomeacronymsareformedwiththeinitialletterofthefirstwordplusthewholeofthesecond,e.g.N-bomb—nuclearbombDNotice—DefenceNotice国防机密通知G-man—Governmentman联邦调查局调查员V-Day—VictoryDay胜利日Lecture54.Back-formation(逆生法)Back-formationistheprocessofcreatinganewwordsbyremovingarealorsupposedsuffix.Manyback-formationsinEnglishcomefromwordswhichendin-er,-oror-ing.usuallyinvolvesthefollowingtypes:Back-formation(1)Abstractnouns(抽象名词逆生成动词)diagnose←diagnosis;donate←donation(2)Humannouns(表示人的