胡壮麟语言学教程课件Part2

Chapter1InvitationstoLinguistics„Whatislanguage?„Whatmakeshumanlanguagedifferentfromanimal“language”?„Whatislinguistics?Thisopeningchapterdiscusseswhatlanguageisbyanalyzingthedesignfeaturesandfunctionsoflanguage;italsodefinesthedisciplinesoflinguistics;Finally,ittalksaboutfiveimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics.1.1Whystudylanguage?„Somemythsaboutlanguage:?Languageisameansofcommunication.?Languagehasaform–meaningcorrespondence.?Thefunctionoflanguageistoexchangeinformation.?EnglishismoredifficulttolearnthanChinese.?BlackEnglishisnotstandardandshouldbereformed.…Somefundamentalviewsaboutlanguage:™Childrenlearntheirnativelanguageswiftly,efficientlyandwithoutinstruction.™Languageoperatedbyrules.™Alllanguageshavethreemajorcomponents:asoundsystems,asystemoflexicogrammarandasystemofsemantics.™Everyonespeaksadialect.™Languageslowlychanges.™Languagesareintimatelyrelatedtothesocietiesandindividualswhousethem.Whystudylanguageasasubject?tofindout:¾howthebrainworks,¾howdamagetothebrainresultsincertainkindoflanguagedisorders,¾howpeoplelearnandteachdifferentlanguages,¾whattherelationshipbetweenmeaningandperceptionis,¾whypeopleusedifferentvarietiesoflanguage,¾howscientistsmakethecomputerworkinahlik„-Languageplaysacentralroleinourlivesasindividualsandsocialbeings.Sinceitconstitutesouressentialhumanity,weshouldbefullyawareofthenatureandmechanismofourlanguage.Theunderstandingoflanguageisavitalhumanresourcethatallofusshare.„Tostudylanguageistoreflectonthelanguagewearelearningandtothinkabouttheprocessandcontextbywhichwearelearningit.Thekeyistobecomeanobservantlearner.Ontheotherhand,itwillhelpyoubecomemoreobservant.1.2Whatislanguage?„-Webster’sNewWorldDictionary:[1](a)humanspeech;(b)theabilitytocommunicatebythismeans;(c)asystemofvocalsoundsandcombinationsofsuchsoundstowhichmeaningisattributed,usedfortheexpressionorcommunicationofthoughtsandfeelings;(d)thewrittenrepresentationofsuchasystem;[2](a)anymeansofexpressingorcommunicating,asgestures,signs,oranimalsounds;(b)aspecialsetofsymbols,letters,numerals,rulesetc.usedforthetransmission„EdwardSapir:Languageisapurelyhumanandnon-instinctivemethodofcommunicatingideas,emotionsanddesiresbymeansofasystemofvoluntarilyproducedsymbols.„DavidCrystal:Thediscussionmaybesummarizedbyreferringlanguageashumanvocalvoiceorthegraphicrepresentationofthisnoiseinwritingusedsystematicallyandconventionallybyacommunityforpurposesofcommunication.