胡壮麟语言学教程课件Part6

Chapter4Syntax„Syntax:thestudyoftheformationofsentences.„Sincesentenceisusuallyregardedasthelargestgrammaticalunitofalanguage,syntaxhaslongbeenthecenterofgrammaticalstudy.Thischapterintroducesfourrepresentativeapproachesintreatingsentencestructure:thetraditionalapproach,thestructuralapproach,thegenerativeapproachandthefunctionalapproach.4.1Thetraditionalapproach4.1.1Number,genderandcaseNumber:singularandpluralCase:1)Pronouns:nominative(I,he,she),accusative(me,him,her),genetive(my,your,his)2)Nouns:general(John,boy),genitive(John’s,boys’)4.1.2TenseandaspectTenses:pastandpresentAspect:perfective(perfect)andprogressive(continuous)4.1.3ConcordandgovernmentConcord(Agreement)istherequirementthattheformsoftwoormorewordsinasyntacticrelationshipshouldagreewitheachotherintermsofsomecategories.Eg.thisman,thesemen;abook,somebooksGovernmentisanothertypeofcontroltheformofsomewordsbyotherwordsincertainsyntacticconstructions.Itdiffersfromconcordinthatthisisarelationshipinwhichawordofacertainclassdeterminestheformofothersintermsofcertaincategory.Eg.Shegavehimabook.Shegaveabooktohim.4.2Thestructuralapproach4.2.1Syntagmaticandparadigmaticrelations(Saussure)-Signified(concept)andsignifier(soundimage)-Syntagmaticrelation(structure,horizontalrelation,chainrelation):therelationbetweenoneitemandothersinasequence-Paradigmaticrelation(system,verticalrelation,choicerelation):therelationbetweenelementsreplaceablewitheachotherataparticularplaceinastructure,orbetweenoneelementpresentandtheothersabsent.4.2.2Immediateconstituentanalysis(ICanalysis)-constructionandconstituents(Bloomfield)-immediateconstituents-ultimateconstituents-ICanalysis:theanalysisofasentenceintermsofitsimmediateconstituents---wordgroups(orphrases),whichareinturnanalyzedintotheimmediateconstituentsoftheirown,andtheprocessgoesonuntiltheultimateconstituentsarereached.ex.1(a)((Poor)(John))((ran)(away))(b)PoorJohnranawayex.2Johnleftyesterdayex.3displacement„Advantage:ThroughICanalysis,theinternalstructureofasentencemaybedemonstratedclearly,andambiguitieswillberevealed.Ex.1.(a)Leavethebookontheshelf(b)LeavethebookontheshelfEx.2(a)mysmallchild’scot(b)mysmallchild’scot(c)mysmallchild’scotEx.3(a)ThesonofPharaoh’sdaughteristhedaughterofPharaoh’sson(b)ThesonofPharaoh’sdaughteristhedaughterofPharaoh’ssonEx.4(Labelledtreediagram)moreexpensiveclothesmoreexpensiveclothesAdjAdjNAdvAdjNNPAPNPNPEx.5(Ishereally)thatkind?(Ishereally)thatkind?DetNAdvAdjNPAPEX.6TheycanfishherePronAuxVAdvPronVNAdv-Problems:1)Binarydivision?Oldmenandwomen2)Discontinuousconstituents?makeitup4.2.3Endocentricandexocentricconstructions-Endocentricconstruction(headedconstruction)isaconstructionwhosedistributionisfunctionallyequivalent,orapproachingequivalence,tooneofitsconstituents,whichserveasthecenter/headofthewhole.e.g.poorJohn,thethreesmallchildren1)Subordinateconstruction:onlyonehead(e.g.reallyverylate,thebookontheshelf,walkedawayimmediately)2)Coordinateconstruction:morethanonehead(e.g.boysandgirls,coffeeortea,thecityRome)-Exocentricconstructionisaconstructionwhosedistributionisnotfunctionallyequivalenttoanyofitsconstituents.e.g.Prepositionalphrases：ontheshelf,ifheisgoingBasicsentences：Thegirlsmiled.?Verbplusobjectconstructions：visitBill,readbooks