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RESTATEMENT(SECOND)OFCONTRACTS合同法第二次重述Chapter1MEANINGOFTERMS第一章合同条款的含义§1.CONTRACTDEFINEDAcontractisapromiseorasetofpromisesforthebreachofwhichthelawgivesaremedy,ortheperformanceofwhichthelawinsomewayrecognizesasaduty.§1.合同指的是一个允诺或一组允诺,如果违反此允诺,则法律给与救济;如果其履行了允诺,则法律以某种方式将其视为一项义务。§2.PROMISE;PROMISOR;PROMISEE.(1)Apromiseisamanifestationofintentiontoactorrefrainfromactinginaspecifiedway,somadeastojustifyapromiseeinunderstandingthatacommitmenthasbeenmade.(2)Thepersonmanifestingtheintentionisthepromisor.(3)Thepersontowhomthemanifestationisaddressedisthepromisee....(4)Whereperformancewillbenefitsapersonotherthanthepromisee,thatpersonisbeneficiary.§2.允诺;允诺人;受允诺人(1)允诺就是以特定方式实施或禁止实施某种行为的意思表示,这种意思表示使受允诺人正当地认为一个允诺已经作出。(2)作出该意思表示的人是允诺人(3)该意思表示所指向的人为受允诺人。(4)如果该允诺的履行使除受允诺人之外的他人获利,则该人为受益人。§3.AGREEMENTDEFINED;BARGAINDEFINEDAnagreementisamanifestationofmutualassentonthepartoftwoormorepersons.Abargainisanagreementtoexchangepromisesortoexchangeapromiseforaperformanceortoexchangeperformances.§3.协议的定义;交易磋商约定的定义一个协议就是两个或两个以上的人一致的意思表示。一个交易磋商约定是为允诺与允诺之间的交换,或为允诺与义务履行的交换,或为义务履行之间的交换而达成的协议。§4.HowaPromiseMayBeMade§4.允诺如何作出Apromisemaybestatedinwordseitheroralorwritten,ormaybeinferredwhollyorpartlyfromconduct.一个允诺可以用口头言词或书面文字作出,也可以完全或部分地从行为中推断而得。§5.TermsofPromise,Agreement,orContract(1)Atermofpromiseoragreementisthatportionoftheintentionorassentmanifestedwhichrelatestoaparticularmatter.(2)Atermofcontractisthatportionofthelegalrelationsresultingfromthepromiseorsetofpromiseswhichrelatestoaparticularmatter,whetherornotthepartiesmanifestanintentiontocreatethoserelations.§5.允诺,协议或合同的条件(1)允诺或协议的条件就是当事人就特定的事项表示了部分的缔约意图或对缔约的赞同。(2)合同的条件就是由于当事人就特定事项作出了一个或一系列的允诺,由此引起他们之间部分法律关系的存在,不管当事人是否作出意思表示要建立这些法律关系。§6.FormalContractsThefollowingtypesofcontractsaresubjectinsomerespectstospecialrulesthatdependontheirformalcharacteristicsanddifferfromthosegoverningcontractsingeneral:(1)Contractsunderseal,(2)Recognizances,(3)Negotiableinstrumentsanddocuments,(4)Lettersofcredit.§6.要式合同下列类型的合同根据其形式上的特征,在某些方面受不同于一般合同规则的法律规则的调整:(1)盖印合同(2)保证书(3)可流通票据和单据(4)信用证§7.VoidablecontractsAvoidablecontractisonewhereoneormorepartieshavethepower,byamanifestationofelectiontodoso,toavoidthelegalrelationscreatedbythecontract,orbyratificationofthecontracttoextinguishthepowerofavoidance.§7.可撤消的合同如果合同的一方或多方当事人有权通过意思表示,或通过订立一个取消撤消权的合同,撤消该合同已经建立的法律关系,则该合同为可撤消的合同。§8.UnenforceableContractsAnunenforceablecontractisoneforthebreachofwhichneithertheremedyofdamagesnortheremedyofspecificperformanceisavailable,butwhichisrecognizedinsomeotherwayascreatingadutyofperformance,thoughtherehasbeennoratification.§8.不能强制执行的合同不可强制执行的合同是指这样一种合同,即违反该合同导致损害赔偿救济和强AdministratorD:20090412104956+08'00'2009/4/1211:49:56--------------------------------------------ratificationn.Affirmationorapproval;adoptionofanactionthatwasdoneonone’sbehalfandtreatingthatactionasifithadbeenauthorizedbythatpersonbeforethefactofithavingbeendone.Byratifyinganactoraction,apersonbecomesresponsiblefortheconse-quencesofthatactoraction.Ratificationbyatwo-thirdsvoteofCongressisneededtoproposeaconsti-tutionalamendment,whichmustthenberatifiedbythreefourthsofthestatesforittotakeeffect.ratifyv.Toaffirmorapprove,usuallyafterthefact.AdministratorD:20090412105105+08'00'2009/4/1211:51:05--------------------------------------------Anunequivocalactorclearwordsshowingachoicebetweentwoinconsistentrightsorremedies.Whereapersonhas,withfullknowledge,doneanunequivocalactshowingthesimpleandclearchoiceofoneoftwoalternativeandinconsistentrights,thatpersonisboundbyhisorherownchoiceandcannotafterwardspursuetheotherinconsistentright制履行救济均不可适用,但是却被认为是以其他方式创设了并没有获得认可的履行义务。Chapter2FORMATIONOFCONTRATCTS------PARTIESANDCAPACITY第二章合同的订立——当事人及其缔约能力§9.PartiesRequiredTheremustbeatleasttwopartiestoacontract,apromisorandapromisee,buttheremaybeanygreaternumber.§9.合同当事人合同必须至少有两个当事人,即允诺人和受允诺人,但是也可以有两个以上更多的当事人。§10.MultiplePromisorsandPromiseesoftheSamePerformance(1)Wheretherearemorepromisorsthanoneinacontract,someorallofthemmaypromisethesameperformance,whetherornottherearealsopromisesforseparateperformances.(2)Wheretherearemorepromisesthanoneinacontract,apromisemaybemadetosomeorallofthemasaunit,whetherornotthesameoranotherperformanceisseparatelypromisedtooneormoreofthem.§10.针对同一项履行的多个允诺人和受允诺人(1)如果一个合同中有多个允诺人,则部分或全部的允诺人可以就同一项履行作出允诺,不管他们是否就个别的义务履行作出允诺。(2)如果一个合同中不只有一个允诺,则部分或全部的允诺人可以一个单位作出允诺,不管相同或另外的履行义务是否被单独地对一个或一个以上的允诺人允诺。§11.WhenaPersonMayBeBothPromisorandPromiseeAcontractmaybeformedbetweentwoormorepersonsactingasaunitandoneormorebutfewerthanallofthesepersons,actingeithersinglyorwithotherpersons.AdministratorD:20090412105231+08'00'2009/4/1211:52:31--------------------------------------------针对同一项履行AdministratorD:20090412105331+08'00'2009/4/1211:53:31--------------------------------------------就个别的义务履行作出允诺§11.何时允诺人和受允诺人可以同为一人在由两个或两个以上的人共同代表的一个单位和这些人中的一个或部分多数之间可以缔结合同,这些人可以单独地或者同他人一起行事。§12.CapacitytoContract(1)Noonecanbeboundbycontractwhohasnotlegalcapacitytoincuratleastvoidablecontractualduties,Capacitytocontractmaybepartialanditsexistenceinrespectofaparticulartransactionmaydependupon
本文标题:美国合同法重述(第二版)
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