Theartofpublicspeaking

THEARTOFPUBLICSPEAKINGAnIntroductionto1OutlineWhatispublicspeaking?HistoryofpublicspeakingStagefright7basicelementsofcommunicationprocessCommonstructureofaspeechTypesofspeechesInformativespeech2PublicSpeakingavitalmeansofcommunicationawayofmakingyourideaspublic–ofsharingthemwithotherpeopleandofinfluencingotherpeopletheart,process,oractofeffectivelyaddressingthepublictoinform,persuadeorentertainthem3HistoryofPublicSpeakingAristotle:Fatherofrhetoric(修辞学/辨术)ThepracticeofpublicspeakingtoattainagoalbyusingpersuasivetacticsItwasnotuntilthe5thcenturyBCthatrootsofrhetoricwereplantedforittobecomeanartformbyteachers,calledSophists(wisdombearer智者/诡辩家)4AccordingtoAristotleEvidenceinpersuasivemessagesismosteffectiveinthesource’s–ethos艺术作品中的客观因素:credibility–pathos激起怜悯的因素:emotionalappeal–logos理念,理性:logicalappeal52ofthemostnotablerhetoriciansofancientRomeCicero(西塞罗)(106-432BC):believedthatawellroundededucationintheliberalartswouldenablespeakerstospeakwithknowledgeandexpressivenessQuintilian(昆提利安)(35-95AD):wasinterestedinpreparingoratorswhospokeeloquently,exhibitinggoodmoralcharacterandethics6ModernfamousspeakersFranklinRooseveltMartinLutherKingMargaretThatcherNelsonMandela…etc.Video:Greatmomentsfromfamousspeakers7SimilaritiesBetweenPublicSpeakingandConversationOrganizingthoughtslogicallyTailoringthemessagetotheaudienceTellingastoryformaximumimpactAdaptingtolistenerfeedback8DifferencesBetweenPublicSpeakingandConversationPublicspeakingismorehighlystructuredPublicspeakingrequiresmoreformallanguagePublicspeakingrequiresadifferentmethodofdelivery9StageFrightAnxietyovertheprospectofgivingaspeechinfrontofanaudienceFearofpublicspeakingandfearofdeathrank#1inmostsurveysaskingpeopleoftheirfear10WhatCausesStageFright?inadequatepreparationfearofbeingjudgedunfamiliaritywiththeaudienceortheenvironmentlackofknowledgeaboutpublicspeakingfeelingsofinadequacyfearoftheunknownnegativepastexperiences11ImportantUnderstandingsAboutStageFrightItisnormal.Almosteveryoneexperiencessomenervousnessaboutspeakinginsomesituations.Itismostlyinternal.Youwillusuallyfeelmorenervousthanyoulook.Ormentalstress.12ImportantUnderstandingsAboutStageFrightAnxietycanbeuseful.Yournervousnesscancreateaheightenedstateofreadiness,allowingyoutoperformbetterthanyoumightotherwise.Itcanbemanaged.Whileyoumaynevereliminatethenervousnessyoufeel,youcandealwithitanddeliverasuccessfulspeechinspiteofit.13ReducingSpeechAnxietyKnowyouraudienceSelectanappropriatetopicRe-createthespeechenvironmentwhenyourehearseKnowyourintroductionandconclusionBeorganizedUsevisualaids14ReducingSpeechAnxietyAcquirespeakingexperienceThinkpositivelyUsethepowerofvisualizationKnowthatmostnervousnessisnotvisibleDon’texpectperfectionPrepare,prepare,prepare15Video:CarlyFiorinaandHP167BasicElementsofCommunicationProcessSource(Speaker):transmitsideasofinformationtothereceiverMessage:theinformationorideasconveyedtothereceiverChannel:themeansbywhichthemessageissenttothereceiverReceiver(Audience):whomthemessageissent17Feedback:verbalandnonverbalresponsetoamessageNoise:theinterferenceorbarriersduringthetransmittalofamessageContext:time,space,occasion,andtheenvironmentofaspeech18CommonStructureofaSpeechWelcometheaudienceIntroducethesubjectExplainthestructureofyourspeechPresentthesubjectitselfSummarizeyourspeechThanktheaudienceInvitequestions19TypesofSpeechesInformativespeech:speechtoeducateanaudienceaboutatopicPersuasivespeech:speechthatattemptstoswaytheattitudes,beliefsorvaluesofanaudienceSpeakingonspecialoccasions:introduction,presentation,acceptance,etc.20SpeakingtoInformAspeechdesignedtoconveyknowledgeandunderstanding.21TypesofInformativeSpeechesSpeechesaboutobjectsSpeechesaboutprocessesSpeechesabouteventsSpeechesaboutconcepts22InformativeSpeechAboutanObjectSpecificPurpose:Toinformmyaudienceofthemajoralternative-fuelcarsnowbeingdeveloped.I.Onekindofalternative-fuelcarispoweredbyelectricity.II.Asecondkindofalternative-fuelcarispoweredbymethanol甲醇.III.Athirdkindofalternative-fuelcarispoweredbyhydrogen.23InformativeSpeechAboutaProcessSpecificPurpose:Toinformmyaudiencehowabatik(蜡染色的)fabricisprinted.I.Thedesignisfirstsketchedonthepaper.II.Awaxresist防蚀蜡(蚀刻用)isappliedtothefabricwhereveryoudon’twantthedye染色topenetrate.III.Thefabricisthendippedinthedye.IV.Whenthefabricisdried,thewaxresistisremoved.24InformativeSpeechAboutanEventSpecificPurpose:Toinformmyaudienceabouttheeventsinwomen’sgymnastics体操,体育.I.Thefloorexercise自由体操combinesdancing,acrobatics杂技,andtumbling摔跤，翻筋斗.II.Thevault跳马featuresexplosivestrengthanddramaticmidairmaneuvers.III.Thebalancebeamrequirespreciseroutinesandperfectcoordination.IV.Theunevenparallelbarsdemandgreatstrength,flexibility,andagility敏捷.25InformativeSpeechAboutaConceptSpecificPurpose:ToinformmyaudienceaboutthebasicprinciplesofIslam.I.IslamwasfoundedbytheprophetMuhammadintheearly600s.II.TheteachingsofIslamarewrittenintheKoran,theholybookofIslam.III.TodayIslamisdividedintoanumberofsects,thelargestofwhicharetheSunnis逊尼派教徒andtheS