Hypotaxis&Parataxis

形合与意合HypotaxisVSParataxis句子内部/外部连接三种手段：Syntacticdevices(句法手段)Lexicalequivalence(词汇手段)Semanticconnection(语义手段)形合意合什么是“形合”与“意合”？形合(hypotaxis)：借助语言形式手段（包括词汇手段和形态手段）来实现词语或句子的连接；Eg:Iwilldespairifyoudon’tcome.意合(parataxis)：不借助语言形式手段而借助词语或句子所含意义的逻辑联系来实现词语或句子的连接。Eg:Therainfell;theriverflooded;thehousewashedaway.英汉对比英语造句：常用形式手段连接词、分句或从句，注重显性接应，注重句子形式，注重结构完整，注重以形显义。汉语造句：少用甚至不用连接手段，注重隐形连贯，注重逻辑事理顺序，注重功能、意义，注重以神统形。Hypotaxis1.介词：Changeofinformation,ifany,concerningthecontentsofthissectionwillbefoundintheappendixattheendofthisbook.本书内容如有更改，均见本书末附录。Hypotaxis2.连接词关系代词：who,whom,whose,which,what,that（Heisoneoftheboyswhoalwaysdoeswellatschool.）关系副词：when,where,why,how（Ifonedoesnotenterthetiger'sden,howcanhegetatiger'scub?）Hypotaxis3.冠词：不定冠词、定冠词、零冠词4.连接副词：列举(first,furthermore)、补充(moreover，equally)、转题(incidentally)、小结(briefly)、结果(so，therefore，accordingly)、推断(otherwise，then)、更换(alternatively)、对比(instead．contrastingly)、让步(however．anyway)、同位(namely,orrather)、Hypotaxis5.代词和代用形式名词代用式：one,some名词短语代用式：each,none,either,neither,all,thesame状语代用式：时间：then,thattime地点：here,there方式：inthatway,likethat谓语和述谓部分代用式：do,sodo谓语否定式代用式：not先行分句代用式：whyso,whynot,ifso,ifnotParataxis1.语序：人不犯我，我不犯人。Wewillnotattackunlessweareattacked.说是说了，没有结果。I'vemadetheproposal,buttheyprovedfutile.Parataxis2.用反复、排比、对偶等词句整齐匀称的句式:聪明一世，糊涂一时。Smartasarule,butthistimeafool.种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。Asyousow,sowillyoureap.Parataxis3.紧缩句：上梁不正下梁歪。Whenthoseabovebehaveunworthily,thosebelowwilldothesame.有饭大家吃。Leteverybodysharethefoodifthereisany.Parataxis4.四字格：欲盖弥彰Themoreonetriestohide,themoreoneisexposed.别久情疏Longabsent,soonforgotten.