词汇学chapter-4.1

Chapter4WordMeaning1.WordMeaning(Reference,ConceptandSense)2.Motivation3.TypesofMeaning4.SenseRelations5.ChangesinWordMeaning6.MeaningandContext1.WordMeaninga.ReferenceOnlywhenaconnectionhasbeenestablishedbetweenthelinguisticsignandareferent,i.e.Anobject,aphenomenon,aperson,etc.Doesthesignbecomemeaningful.Thereferenceofawordreferstoisarbitraryandconventional.Althoughreferenceisakindofabstraction,yetwiththehelpofcontext,itcanrefertosomethingdefinite.Thesamethingcanhavedifferentreferring.ActofImagerysymbolreferentThoughtorReferencesymbolreferentSemanticTriangle(K.OgdenBr.PsychologyWordsarebutsymbols,manyofwhichhavemeaningonlywhentheyhaveacquiredreference.“BymeansofReferenceaspeakerindicateswhichthingsintheworldarebeingtalkedabout.”(Hurfordandhasley,1983)B.Conceptandsense(meaning)Symbol符号referent客观物concept概念thought思维（actofimagery)singifie内容signifiant表达形式sign标记sense意义（meaning)namethingSemanticTrianglebyUllmann:senseNamethingSignifieconceptNamesignifiantacousticimageRealityThingConcept:beyondlanguage;theresultofhumancognition;reflectingtheobjectiveworldinthehumanmind.;canhaveasmanyreferringexpressions,eveninthesamelanguage.eg.Muchandmany;dieandpassawayrespectivelyhavethesameconcept.Sense:“meaningbelongstolanguage,restrictedtolanguageuse.themeaningof“meaning”isperhapswhatistermedsense.Thesenseofanexpressiondenotestherelationshipsinsidethelanguageandcanbeentertainedinthemindofalanguageuser,thusabstractandnotnecessarilyhasareferent.TrianglebyWalpole:referentthoughtSymbolrosemeaningreferentFormsoundAsymbolisawordusedreferentially.Thesymbolisthename.Asymbolmusthaveareferent.Awordisalwaysasign,butnotalwaysasymbol.eg.Civilization(aword,asign,butnotasymbol)Thechangesofawordreferstothechangeofreferent,thechangeofconcept(though),andthechangeofsymbol(sign/word).Conceptualchanges:Hecancanthreecansinaminute.Shesawhimsawasawwithasaw.Thereshouldbemorespacebetweenkingand“and”and“and”andqueen.TriangleofSignificancewordMeaning(concept)formreferentI.Wordpointstotwodirections:form(sound,spelling)andconcept(thecore).II.Meaningandreferentlinktogethersubstantially.Whileitisnotthecasewithreferentandform.eg:synchronically:tree树/鞋楦diachronically:girl青年panchronically:treeChinese:树；Jap:木；French:arbre;Germ:BaumSignAsymbolisspecialsortofsign.Asymbolisawordusedreferentially.Awordisalwaysasign,butnotalwaysasymbol.TheTheoryofSigns:(fundamentaltosemantics)1.标记是指一种与以前经历的事物相似的东西.2.由单个的人或动物来理解3.对标记的解释取决于人或动物的过去经历.4.事件的过程使人或动物感兴趣.5.标记本身具有某种刺激.6.标记并不是永久的.Learningisananimalorman’sreactiontosigns.Symbol&WordThespeaker/writerusessymbolsinordertocommunicate;thelistenerinterpretsthewordsassymbols.Symbolismoreabstractthansign,demandingmoredistinction.Thechangeofwordsinvolves:thechangeofreferent,thought/theactofthinking,andthechangeofsymbol.eg.girl,sun,omnibus/bus;cock/roosterLevelsofthechangesinword1.感知层次:一词多类,一词多义eg.Shesawhimsawasawwithasaw.ThereshouldbemorespacebetweenKingand“and”and“and”andQueen.Hecancanthreecansinaminute.2.过程与结果:eg.ruin---ruins,oil---oils,build---buildings3.某类人及其活动:government,committee4.象征:aflowerofchild,amanofwoman5.隐喻:Heswambravelyagainstthetideofpopularapplause.GapsbetweenwordandmeaningIfwewantyourtwocents,we’llaskforit.Johncanbereliedon;heeatsnofishandplaysthegame.Whenhewastalkingabouttheaffair,wesmelledarat.意见;既忠诚又正直;感到怀疑人所共知助人为乐人手一册长大成人KnowntoallTakepleasureinhelpingothersOnebookforeachBecomeagrown-upFalsesymbolandcomplexreferentsoxymoronThesunisbright.Maryisbright.So,Maryisthesun.Mondaycamebeforethedaywhichfollowedit.Doesyourmotherhaveanysonsordaughter?Doyouknowthemanwhokilledhiswidowwaspunished?Colorlessgreenideasleepsfuriously.acleverfool,painfulpleasure,proudhumidity,victoriousdefeat2.MotivationsOnomatopoeicMotivationLogicalMotivation(MorphologicalandEtymologicalMotivation)SemanticMotivationMotivationreferstotheconnectionbetweenthelinguisticsymbolanditsmeaning.(Whydoesthiswordhavethesemeanings.)Therelationshipbetweentheword-formandmeaningisconventionalandarbitrary,mostwordscanbesaidtobenon-motivated.Nevertheless,Englishdoeshavewordsthemeaningsofwhicharetransparentandreasonablyexplicable.2.1.OnomatopoeicMotivationa.PrimaryonomatopoeiaTherearesomewordswhosephoneticformssuggesttheirmeaningsasthewordswerecreatedbyimitatingthenaturalsoundsornoises.eg.bang,miaow,cuckoo,ping-pong,hum,dinglingAllthewordsbasedonthesoundsmadebybirds,animals,insectsandsoon:Apes:gibberBears:growlBulls:bellowCats:mewEagles:screamFrogs:croakGoats:bleatHens:cluckAsses:brayCamels:gruntDucks:QuackFlies:buzzHorses:snortLions:roarMice:squeakPigeons:cooSnakes:hissTurkeys:gobblePigs:gruntWolves:howlThrushes:whistleowls:hootRavens:croak2.1.OnomatopoeicMotivationb.SecondaryonomatopoeiaBloomfield:associationbetweensoundsandcertainmeaningsI.Breathnoise:sniff,snuff,snore,snortII.Creeping:snake,snail,sneak,snoopIII.Quickseparationormovement:snip,snap,snatchWordswithstrongsymbolicmeanings:sl-(slipperyandunpleasant):slide,slip,slither,sliceslang,sly,sloppy,slovenlysk-(super-facialcontact):skin,skate,skip,skimare-(stronglightorsound):flare