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第1页(共6页)英语:高二语法复习(新人教版)(1)英语句式类型一、分类1)按照句式结构分为三种:简单句、并列句、复合句2)按照句子功能分为四类:陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句第一节简单句一、定义:简单句只包含一个主语或并列主语和一个谓语或并列谓语构成的句子,且句子的各个成分都是由单词或短语来组成的。二、分类:类型1:S+V。该句型中谓语动词为不及物动词,后面不可接宾语,但可接状语或其他成分例:Nobodywentout.Thechildrenareplaying.Westudyhard.类型2:S+V+O.该句型中的谓语为及物动词,后面必须接宾语,且只能接一个宾语。例:Weloveourcountry.Theoldwomanlooksafterthebabycarefully.Hedreamedaterribledreamlastnight.类型3:S+V+O(人)+O(物)该句型中的动词为双宾语动词,后面必须接两个宾语。该类动词主要有:give,show,send,pass,lend,return,promise,owe;make,buy,do,fetch,paint,save,spare,find等例:Hegavehissisterthepiano.Hegavethepianotohissister.Heboughthiswifeacoat.Heboughtacoatforhiswife.类型4:S+V+O+C该句型中的谓语动词后面必须接宾语,且还要用一个补足语来补充说明宾语的状态。例:Ifoundthebookeasy.Theteachertoldustostudyhard.Weheardhimsinging.类型5:S+L+P该句型中的L为系动词,后常接表语。注意:1)该句型无被动;2)无进行;3)作非谓语时常用V-ing形式。第2页(共6页)例:Theflowerisbeautiful.Heisateacher.系动词分类:1)变化系动词:turn,become,grow,fall,get,go,come,run等例:Shebecomesalawyer.Sheturnslawyer.2)状态系动词:be,seem,remain,stay,stand,keep等例:Healwayskeptsilentatmeeting.3)感官系动词:feel,smell,sound,taste,look,appear等例:Themilktastessour.Theclothfeelssoft.4)终止性系动词:prove,turnout等例:Hisplanturnedoutasuccess.第二节句子成分在句子中起着不同语法作用的部分,叫做句子成分。句子成分有9种:主语、谓语动词、表语、宾语、定语、补语、状语、同位语、插入语。1、主语(subject):表示句子描述的是“谁”或“什么”,通常是谓语动词的动作执行者。通常有名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动名词、从句等充当。Thestudentsworkedveryhard.TheyarefromAmerica.80%ofthestudentsinourclassaregirls.TolearnEnglishisverydifficultforus.=ItisdifficultforustolearnEnglish.Swimminginthelakeisdangerous.Whathesaidistrue.2、谓语动词:什么主语的动作或具有的状态与特征。构成形式如下:1)简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。ShepracticesspeakingEnglisheveryday.Thewomantakesgoodcareofthebaby.Ihavegotridofsmoking.第3页(共6页)2)复合谓语形式1:由情态动词或助动词+动词构成。Youmaygonow.Hehascaughtabadcold.Wearegoingtovisittheoldtowntomorrow.3)复合谓语形式2:由系动词+表语构成。Wearestudents.Shebecomesfamous.Thelittlegirlisafraidofthesnake.4)复合谓语形式3:情态动词+系动词+表语Itwillbewasted.Hemustbewrong.Wewillbefreetomorrow.5)复合谓语形式4:被动句的谓语动词。Marywasseentoswimacrosstheriver.Theywereexpectedtofinishtheworkassoonaspossible.3、表语:用来说明主语的身份、特征和状态的成分。一般在系动词之后。表语可由下列结构充当:名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语及表语从句。Theyoungmanhasturnedthief.Alloftheseareyours.Theflowerisbeautiful.Thefilmismoving.Wearemovedbythefilm.Herjobistolookafterthebaby.MyjobisteachingEnglish.Tomwasoutthen.Thefactisthathepassedtheexamsuccessfully.4、宾语:表示动作承受的对象。可由下列结构充当:名词、代词、数词、动名词、不定式、宾语从句等。Heboughtanewcar.Theheavysnowpreventedherfromgoingtoschool.Sheenjoyslisteningtomusic.Idon’tknowhowtogetthere.第4页(共6页)Ithinkthatheisoldenoughtojointhearmy.5、宾补:英语中有少数及物动词后除了接一个宾语外,还必须有一个宾语补足语对宾语进行补充说明,这样才能使句子的意义完整,这类动词被称为“复合及物动词”,常见的动词有:make,consider,find,get,have,let等。Thebossmadeuswork14hourseveryday.Wefoundthedoglyingontheground.Wepaintedourhousewhite.Wefoundhimkilledthenextmorning.6、定语:用来修饰限定名词或代词的词、短语或从句。通常由下列结构充当:形容词、分词、名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语等。Sheisabeautifulgirl.Mybookisold.Morethan30studentsinourclassarefromabroad.Heisthefirsttocomeandthelasttoleave.Theteachingbuildingisunderconstruction.Thegirlinwhiteismysister.7、状语:用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分。通常由副词、介词短语、不定式、分词、名词、形容词或状语从句等充当。Sheusedtositforhoursquietly.Hehaslivedinthecountrysidefor20years.Thetreeistootallfortheboytoclimbup.Encouragedbytheteacher,shemadeuphermindtolearnEnglishwell.Whereveryougo,whateveryoudo,Iwillwaitforyou.8、同位语(appositive)对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释,通常由名词、数词、代词或从句来充当。ThisisMr.Zhou,ourheadmaster.Thequestionwhoshoulddotheworkisstillindiscussion.9、插入语(parenthesis):对一句话作一些附加的解释;通常由形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、现在分词或从句来充当。Tobefrank,Idon’tquiteagreewithyou.第三节并列句一、概念:有两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起,构成的句子叫做并列句。第5页(共6页)例:Hemadeapromise,buthedidn’tkeepit.*:1、并列句中两个简单句相互之间没有结构的所属关系,只是在语意上存在一定的联系。2、并列连词的确定取决于分句之间的语意关系二、类型:1)顺承并列句;2)转折并列句;3)选择并列句;4)因果并列句;5)条件或结果并列句1、顺承并列句:表示两个同等的概念,常由:and,notonly…butalso等连接例:Theytalkedhappily,andtheyforgottocooksupper.Notonlydidthestudentssing,butalsotheteachersings.2、转折并列句:表示两个分句在语意上转折。常由:but,while,yet,nevertheless等连接例:Heworkedhard,yethefailed.Someproblemsareeasywhileothersaredifficult.3、选择并列句:常由or,either…or,otherwise等连接例:EitheryouleavethishouseorIwillcallthepolice.Imustworkmuchharder,otherwiseIcan’tcatchupwiththeotherclassmates.4、因果并列句:常由for,so,therefore等连接例:Itwaslate,sowewenthome.It’sgoingtorain,fortheskyisdark.Itrained,thereforethefootballmatchwasputoff.5、条件或结果并列句例:Hurryup,orwe’llmissthetrain.Workhardandyou’llsucceedintime.第四节复合句一、概念:用一个句子作另一个句子的某个成分(主、表、宾、同、定、状),两个句子有所属关系,含有这种结构的句子被称为复合句。例:Whenweshallholdameetingisstillaquestion.Thequestioniswhenweshallholdameeting.Wearediscussingwhenweshallholdameeting.Thequestionwhenweshallholdameetingisnotdecided.Thequestionwearediscussingiswhenweshallholdameeting.Thequestionwillbediscussedwhenweshallholdameeting.*:1)所有的从句必须有相应的从句引导词,有些从句引导词可以省略;2)所有的从句语序要顺承,不能倒装。第6页(共6页)二、分类:1、定语从句;2、名词性从句;3、状语从句1、定语从句:限定性定语从句,非限定性定语从句例:Thisisthemanwhomwehavetalkedabout.ThenotewasleftbyJohn,whowashereamomentago.2、名词性从句:主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句Whathesaidwasnottrue.Chinaisnotwhatitusedtobe.Idon’tknowwhysherefusedmyinvitation.Thenewsthattheywonthematchistrue.3、主语从句:时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、让步、比较例:Iwilltellhimwhenhecomesback.ThereareplentyofsheepwhereIlive.IdoitbecauseIlikeit.IgotupearlyinorderthatI
本文标题:英语句式类型
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