Unit-1.-Grammatical-Hierarchy

Unit1GrammaticalHierarchy(语法层次)Objectives:1.DefineSentence,Clause,Phrase,WordandMorpheme(词素).2.Segment(分割)afullsentencerankbyrankdowntomorphemes.3.Distinguishdifferenttypesofsentences.I.Warmupquestions1.Whatdoyouthinkisthefunctionofalanguage?2.Whatmakescommunicationeffective,wordsorsentences?Why?3.Whatistherelationshipbetweenwordsandsentences?Howdoweputwordstogether?words(materials）→grammar(tools/frames)→sentences(bridge)→communicationII.Grammaticalhierarchy(语法层次)→thehighestrankofgrammaticalunitthebasiclinguisticunitsentence↓clause(分句)↓phrase(词组)wordmorpheme(词素)↓↓→theminimum/lowestrankthesmallestmeaningfulelementofspeech(语义单位)1.GrammaticalhierarchyWehavetolearngrammareventhoughwedonotlikeit.Theseundergraduatesarerapidlyimprovingintheirwriting.sentenceclauseVPPrepPNPdet.n.aux.adv.mv.det.n.prep.morphemesTheseunder-graduatesarerapidlyimprovingintheirwriting,andthisgivesthemgreatconfidence.2.GrammaticalunitsA.→thesmallestmeaningfulelementofspeechfree(自由)bound(粘附)↓①completemeaning;①incompletemeaning;②standbyitselfas②can’tstandalone,simplewordattachedtootherformse.g.→boy,girl,take,kind…e.g.→works,played,kindness,unkindness,kindlybicycle,telephone,minibus,predict,Morphemea)Inflectionalaffix屈折词缀Derivationalaffix派生词缀b)Combiningform组合形式：Boundroot粘附词根B.←oneormorethanonemorphemeWord(1)(word-formation)Simpleword(简单词),Derivative(派生词)&CompoundWord(复合词)→morphemeword,consistingofonefreemorphemee.g.→at,by,up,down,hand,foot,get,take,make…→root+affix(es)e.g.→happiness,subway,hacker,computerize,miniskirt→twoormorethantwofreemorphemese.g.→hitch-hiker,sightseeing,sidewalksimplewordDerivative派生词compoundword复合词freshman,leapyear(n);absent-minded,good-looking(adj);tonickname,tosightsee(v);nowhere,moreover(adv);something,whosoever(pron);whenever,whereas(conj);outside,throughout(prep)#Notethestressofcompoundnouns.TheWhiteHousetheblackboardthewhitehousetheblackboard(freephrase)(2)(grammaticalfunction)ClosedClass(封闭词类)&OpenClass(开放词类)→functionword,i.e.prep,pron,det,(虚词)conj&aux.→contentword,i.e.n,adj,adv,mv,(实词)cardno,ordno&int.closed-classwordopen-classwordcompoundword1or1+wordorganizedinaspecialwaywithakeywordasitshead(中心词)PhraseC.NPVPAdjPAdvPPrepP5phrasetypesIdentifythephrasesinthefollowingsentences.•Nowtheirfootstepscouldbehearddirectlyabovemyhead.•Theweatheristoohottobeenjoyable.•Everyoneinourgroupwaslookingformaterialsinthelibrary.←1or1+phrasewithasubject主语部分+predicate谓语部分ClauseD.(1)IndependentClause(独立分句/句子)&DependentClause(从属分句/从句)→standsbyitselfasacompleteutterance.•Heknowseverythingaboutit.•Thathatdoesnotfit;youmaytryanother.Independentclause→(alsosubordinateclause从句)formsonlypartofanotherclauseorsentence.•Idon’tthinkheknowseverythingaboutit.•Ifthathatdoesnotfit,tryanother.(seep8)Dependentclause(2)MainClause(主句)&SubordinateClause(从句)→takesanotherclauseasitselement→formspartofthemainclause(Seep9)MainclauseSubordinateclauseSentenceE.Declarative(陈述)Interrogative(疑问)Imperative(祈使)Exclamatory(感叹)Wh-QOpen-endedQYes-noQclose-endedQ4sentencetypes4sentenceformsSimple(简单句)Compound(并列句)Complex(复杂句)Compound-complex(并列复杂句)→oneindependentclausewithoneconstructionof“subject+predicate”•Thestudentshavemadebettergradesinthepastfewweeks.•ThestudentsIteachhavemadebettergradesinthepastfewweeks.(modifierofthesubject)→twoormoreindependentclausesconnectedby(并列连词)coordinateconjunctions:↓(fanboys)←for,and,nor,but,or,yet,soSimplesentence(简单句)Compoundsentence(并列句)•Somestudentsarereading,somearediscussing,andsomearelisteningtomusic.•Mostofuscametotheclass,butSallyandAlicedidnot.→independentclauseconsistingofoneormoredependentclauses•Thestudentswouldhavemadebettergradesiftheyhadstudiedhard.•Whathesaidisnottrue.•Ididn’tunderstandwhathemeant.Or：Asentenceisacomplexsentencewhenitcanbedividedintomainclause(s)andsubordinateclause(s).Complexsentence(复杂句)↓twoormorecoordinatedindependentclause+atleastonecomplexclause•Theywatchedtelevisionandenjoyedthemselvesimmensely,butwecouldn’tseetheprogrambecauseourtelevisionwasbroken.•Itwouldbedarkbeforehecouldreachthevillage,andheheavedaheavysighwhenhethoughtofencounteringtheterrorsofDameBanWinkle.Compound-complexsentence(并列复杂句)III.ExerciseIdentifythetypesofthefollowingsentences.•Thestudentsarestudyingbecausetheyhaveatesttomorrow.•Somestudentsliketostudyinthemornings.•Johnwenttoschool,butJamesremainedathomebecausehehadasorethroat.•Alexanderplayedfootball,soMariawentshopping.•BillandPaulplayfootballeveryafternoon.•Alexanderplayedfootball,forMariawentshopping.•Theteacherreturnedthehomeworkaftershenoticedtheerror.CXSCCCSCCXWaterRunsDry-byboyziimenWedon'teventalkanymoreAndwedon'tevenknowwhyweargueaboutDon'tevensayIloveyounomoreCausesayhowwefeelisnolongerallowSomepeoplewillworkthingsoutAndsomejustdon'tknowhowtochangeLet'sdon'twaittillthewaterrunsdryWemightwatchourwholelivestopassusbyLet'sdon'twaittillthewaterrunsdryWe'llmakethebiggestmistakeofourlifeDon'tdoitbabyNowtheycanseethetearinoureyesButwedenythepainthatliedeepinourheartsWellmaybethat'sapainwecan'thideCauseeverybodyknowsthatwe'rebothtoreapartWhydowehurteachotherWhydowepushlo