sentence-structure

•ThegrammaroftheEnglishlanguageconsistsoffivelayersofstructure.SentenceClausePhraseWordMorphemeGrammaticalHierarchyGrammaticalHierarchy•Afullsentencecangenerallybesegmentedrankbyrankdowntoitssmallestconstituents----themorphemes,e.g.SentenceClauseNPVPPPDetNAuxAdvMVPrepDetNTheseunder-graduate-sarerapid-lyimprov-ingintheirwrit-ing.0.1Morphemes1.Definition:theminimumorsmallestgrammaticalunitthesmallestmeaningfulelementofspeech.2.Classification:Twocategories:1)FreeMorphemes2)BoundMorphemes.*3)Allomorphs1)FreeMorphemes1.Definition:hasacompletemeaningcanstandbyitselfasaSimpleWordcansometimesactasacompleteutteranceinconnectedspeechtoformCompoundWordsDerivatives2)BoundMorphemesaremostlyaffixesalsomeaningful,butthemeaningisnotcompleteinitselfunlessitisattachedtosomeotherformscannotstandbyitself:itonlyexistsasanInflectionalorDerivationalAffixInflectionalAffix-’s(genitivecase)-s/-es(pluralnouns)-s/-es(thethirdpersonsingularverbsinsimplepresent)-ed(pasttenseverbs)-ing,-ed(-ingparticiple,-edparticipleformofverbs)-er,-est(comparative,superlativedegreeofadjectives/adverbs)DerivationalAffixPrefix,Suffix(Prefix)+Root+(suffix)co-existexistenceco-existenceDiagramofMorphemeMorphemeFreeMFreemorphemeAffixDerivativeFreeMFreeMCompoundwordBoundmorphemeInflectionalAffixDerivationalAffixPrefixSuffix-’s,-s-ing,-ed/-en-est,-er,-s,-esAffix＋＋＋RootWord-formation3)AllomorphsDefinition:Thevariantsofthesamemorphemearecalledallomorphs.Explanation:thesamemorphemeindifferentcontextsmaytakedifferentphonologicalororthographicalforms.Examples:InOrthography:in-im-il-ir-inactiveimmatureillegalirrationalincoherentimmortalillogicalirregularinexperiencedimperfectillegibleirrelevantInphonology:-scatsdogshouses/s//z//iz/Discussion:identifythefollowingboundmorphemesbooks,(He)teaches(heavily),postwar,employer,taller,children’s(book),waited(forhim),working,embodyB-morphemeI-morpheme:D-morpheme:postwar,employer,embodybooks,teaches,taller,children’s,waited,working0.2Wordsiscomposedofoneormoremorpheme.canbeclassifiedintwoways:intermsofword-formationgrammaticalfunctionIntermsofWord-formationa)SimpleWordb)Derivativec)CompoundWorda)SimpleWord:alsocalledMorphemeWord(freemorpheme)minorbuthasfrequentappearanceandstrongderivationalabilitythemainbodyofEnglishvocabularyusuallythesmallwordatondownnearhandfoottakemakeb)Derivative:Structure:(prefix)+root+(suffix):kindunnessInfluencethemeaningoftherootInfluencethepartofspeechoftherootc)CompoundWordStructure:FreeMorpheme+FreeMorphemeClassification:CompoundNounCompoundAdjectiveCompoundVerbCompoundAdverbCompoundPronounCompoundConjunctionCompoundPrepositionIntermsofgrammaticalfunctionClosed-classwordsOpen-classwordsClosed-classwordsDefinition:Closed-classwordsrefertothosesetsofwordswhoseitemsareclosedorlimitedinnumberandareonlyexceptionallyextendedbythecreationofadditionalmembers.Scope:AlltheFunctionWords:PrepositionPronounDeterminerConjunctionAuxiliaryOpen-classWordsDefinition:Open-classwordsrefertothosesetsofwordswhoseitemsareindefinitelyextendable.Newitemsareconstantlybeingcreatedandolditemsaregivingplacetonewones.Scope:AlltheContentWords:•Noun•Adjective•Adverb•MainVerbNOTE:CardinalNumeral,OrdinalNumeralandInterjectionarebetweenclosedandopenDiscussion:classifythefollowingwordsunhappy,beautify,coverage,moreover,man,freedom,unlucky,possibility,psychoanalysis,love,determiner,blackboardman,lovemoreover,blackboard,psychoanalysisunhappy,beautify,coverage,freedom,unlucky,possibility,determinersimple:compound:derivative:0.3PhrasesDefinition:iscomposedofoneormorethanoneword.isagroupofwordsorganizedinaspecificwaywithakeyWordasitsHead.ThewordclassoftheHeaddeterminestheclassofthephraseandthewayinwhichthewordsareorganized.WordClassofPhrase:1.NounPhrase2.VerbPhrase3.AdjectivePhrase4.AdverbPhrase5.PrepositionalPhrase1)TheNounPhrase:Structure:(Determiner)+(Pre-Modifier)+Noun+(Post-Modifier)allthecollegestudentsNounastheHeadNounasthePre-ModifierDeterminerExerciseHisnewbookonphonologyMiltonlivedinthe17thcenturyTheauthor’snewnovelthatwillsooncomeoutClausePrepositionalPhraseNon-finiteVerbPhrasebookMiltonnovel2)TheVerbPhrase:IntermsoftheamountofverbsIntermsofgrammaticalformFiniteVerbPhraseNon-finiteVerbPhraseSimpleVerbPhraseComplexVerbPhraseClassification:SimpleVerbPhrase:Structure:(Modifier)+MainVerb+(Modifier)Shelookspale.Weutterlydetestedhim.MainVerbModifier+MainVerbComplexVerbPhrase:Structure:Auxiliary/Auxiliaries+MainVerb+(Modifier)Itisgettingdark.Sheoughttohavetoldhimaboutit.JoanwillcertainlyobjectandsowillMary.FiniteVerbPhrase:Afiniteverbphraseisinitiatedbyafiniteform,thatis,averbformthatchangesaccordingtoTenseorSubject.Ilovedyoutwoyearsago.TommylovesLora.Childrenlovefairytales.VerbphrasesPerson/NumberTenseNon-finiteVerbPhrase:Anon-finiteverbphraseisinitiatedbyanon-finiteform,thatis,averbformthatdoesnotchangeaccordingtoTenseorSubject.Wewenttheretoseeafilm.Iusuallygotheretoseeafilm.Robertseldomgoestheretoseeafilm.Andrewwillgotheretoseeafilm.Non-finiteFinitePointoutfiniteandnon-finiteverb