第一讲-汉英翻译与文化

第一讲汉英文化比较与翻译Whatisculture?EdwardTaylor认为：文化是一种复杂体，它包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗,以及人作为社会成员而获得的任何其他的能力与习惯。广义上说，文化是人类在社会历史发展过程中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和。《礼记·典礼》：入境而问禁，入国而问俗，入门而问讳。Examples:Pearl.S.Buck：如今江湖上歹人多。Inthesetimes,therearemen---evilmenbyriverandlake.(inallcornersofthecountry.)武行者心中要吃，哪里听他分说，一片声喝道：“放屁！放屁！”NowWuthePriestlongedmuchinhishearttoeatandsohowcouldhebewillingtolistentothisexplanation?Hebellowedforth,“Passyourwind!Passyourwind.”中西文化差异的主要表现:I:历史文化差异II:地域文化差异III:习俗文化差异IV:宗教文化差异I：历史文化差异历史神话传说寓言童话文学作品历史：Meetone’sWaterlooTheswordofDamoclesCleopatra’snoseRomanHolidayTrojanhorse赔了夫人又折兵说曹操曹操就到毛遂自荐初出茅庐遭受惨败,遭到毁灭性的打击临头的危险埃及艳后的鼻子幸灾乐祸,损人利己特洛伊木马sufferadoublelossinsteadofmakingagain.talkofthedevilandhewillappear.volunteerone’sservice.Atthebeginningofone’scareer孙子SunTzu孙子兵法TheArtofWar三十六计走为上计gowhilethegoingisgood.Thedayafterthediscoveryofthefraud,Stanfordthoughtitprudenttoshowalightpairofheels.欺诈行为被发现的第二天，斯坦福就认为三十六计走为上。神话传说APandora’sboxAesop’sFablesoldmanofthesea无法摆脱的,纠缠不休的人Achilles'heel:Aseeminglysmallbutactuallymortalweakness.寓言童话therabbitandthetortoiseTheuglyDucklingthePrincessandthePeaThefarmerandthesnakethelion’ssharesourgrape南柯一梦Nankedream(fromthestoryofamanwhodreamedthathebecamethegovernorofNankeintheKingdomoftheAnts);afonddreamoranillusoryjoy文学作品HamletMacbethShylockaFrankensteinShangri-La(JamesHilton:theLostHorizon失去的地平线)，adarkhorseManFriday(DanielDefoe:RobinsonCrusoe)Catch-22(JosephHeller:Catch-22)四大名著/theFourClassicNovels三国演义ThreeKingdoms西游记JourneytotheWest/PilgrimagetotheWest红楼梦DreamoftheRedMansions水浒传HeroesoftheMarshes/TalesoftheWaterMarginII:地域文化差异从地理位置来看中国是个大陆国家，地大物博，幅员辽阔。汉语中的“黔驴技穷”，“人心齐，泰山移”，“不到黄河心不死”，“不到长城非好汉”，“福如东海，寿比南山”等都显示了中国特有的地域色彩。相比之下，英国是一个岛国，历史上航海业比较发达，反映在语言中就出现了许多与海洋、船和水有关的短语。从南到北：fromnorthtosouthbitingeastwind.cattleDrinklikeafish,astimidasarabbit,ashappyasacow,力大如牛：asstrongasahorse,Aspoorasachurchmouse，挥金如土spendmoneylikewater半斤八两：sixofoneandhalfadozenoftheother.汉语中与吃有关的词多（41条）英语与航海有关的词多吃香beverypopular,吃闲饭：leadanidlelife,吃不消：morethanonecanstandWhenone’sshipcomeshome当某人有钱时；当某人发财时Knowtheropes懂行inthesameboatwithplainsailinginfullsail全力以赴地allatseaburnone’sboatssailbeforethewindkeepone’sheadabovewater译例1：真是‘天有不测风云，人有旦夕祸福’。杨译：“Truly,‘stormgatherwithoutwarninginnature,andbadluckbefallsmenovernight.’...”霍译：“Iknow‘theweatherandhumanlifearebothunpredictable’”.译例2：这也难说，但凡家庭之事，不是东风压了西风，就是西风压了东风。杨译：“Well,it’shardtosay,”sheanswered.“Ineveryfamily,iftheeastwinddoesn’tprevailoverthewestwind,thenthewestwindisboundtoprevailovertheeastwind.”霍译：‘It’shardtotell,’shesaid.‘Ineveryfamilyaffair,onesideortheotherhastowin.Ifit’snottheEastWindit’stheWest.’III:习俗文化差异称谓，数字，色彩，打招呼，打电话，听到赞扬，骂人e.g.望子成龙，亚洲四小龙IV：宗教文化差异中国三大教：儒教、道教、佛教佛教Buddhism儒教Confucianism道教Taoism玉皇大帝、来世、阎罗王西方：基督教：上帝Forbiddenfruit,thebible,EdenGarden,ThefieldofbloodThetowerofBabelCastpearlbeforeswine,aspoorasJobaJudaskissSparetherodandspoilthechildFingeronthewall孔子ConfuciusConfuciusTemple朝闻道，夕死可矣IfIcanheartheTaointhemorning,intheeveningIcandiecontent.孟子Mencius老子LaoTzu道Tao/theway庄子ChuangTzu10本文化著作---四书五经+史记theFourBookstheAnalectsofConfuciustheMenciustheGreatLearningtheDoctrineoftheMeantheBookofSongstheBookofHistorytheBookofRitestheBookofChangestheSpring&AutumnAnnalsHistoricalRecords语言中的文化因素解析一、词汇中的文化二、成语中的文化三、语用方面的文化差异一、词汇中的文化“盘古”、“女娲”、“秀才”、“八股文”、“太极拳”、“个体户”牧童(悠闲)——cowboy(冒险)农民(忠厚朴实)——peasant(心胸狭窄)狗(鄙视)——dog(同情)龙(高贵)——dragon(凶恶)月亮(团圆)——moon(虚幻)宣传(中性词)——propaganda(贬义词)二、成语中的文化•打草惊蛇•亡羊补牢•骨鲠在喉•同舟共济•怒发冲冠•翻天覆地•蜀犬吠日•洗手不干•食言•扯后腿打草惊蛇——tobeataboutthebush？打草惊蛇—toalertenemybyrashoraccidentaleventsbeforecarryingouttheplannedattacktobeataboutthebush——toapproachasubjectwithoutcomingtothepoint,trytosaysomethingindirectly旁敲侧击亡羊补牢——tolockthestabledoorafterthehorsehasbeenstolen？亡羊补牢——torepairthestableafterasheepisgone,stillintimetoavoidfurtherlossestolockthestabledoorafterthehorsehasbeenstolen——takeprecautionswhenitistoolate(贼去关门)骨鲠在喉——tohaveaboneinone’sthroat？骨鲠在喉:鲠：鱼骨。鱼骨等小骨头卡在喉咙里。比喻心里有话，不说出来就非常难受。haveanopinionthatonecannotsuppresstohaveaboneinone‘sthroat——toavoidmakingone‘sopinionknown(难于启齿)同舟共济——tobeinthesameboat？同舟共济——tocooperateandhelpeachotherinordertorideoutadifficultytobeinthesameboat——tobeinthesamedifficultsituationordangers怒发冲冠——tomakeone’shairstandonend?怒发冲冠——bristlewithanger,toflyintoarage,tobeinviolentangertomakeone’shairstandonend——tobeindangers翻天覆地——tomoveheavenandearth?翻天覆地——epoch-making,earth-shakingtomoveheavenandearth——todoone‘sutmost(竭尽全力)蜀犬吠日——tobarkatthemoon?蜀犬吠日(成)唐·柳宗元《答韦中立论师道书》:“仆往闻庸、蜀之南，恒雨少日，日出则犬吠。”指每逢日出，狗都叫起来。比喻少见多怪。tomakeafussaboutsomethingthatonealonefindsstrange,un-calledforalarmorexcitementoutofsheerignorancetobarkatthemoon——tomakefruitlessefforts(吠月,徒劳)洗手不干——towashone’shandsof?洗手不干——tostopdoingwrongandreformoneselftowashone’shandsofsb.orsth.——torefusetotakeanymoreresponsibilityforsb.orsth.食言——toeatone’swords?食言——togobackonone’sword,tobreakone’swordtoeatone‘swords——totakebackwhatonehassaid扯后腿——topullsomebody’sleg?扯后腿——tohinder,tobeahindrancetosb.topullsomeone’sleg——totellsomeonesomethinguntrueasajoke,try