有机物中英文命名规则

OrganicChemistrySomesignificantorganicchemicaltermshydrocarbons;saturatedhydrocarbon;unsaturatedhydrocarbon;conjugate(conjugation);（碳氢化合物，烃，饱和，不饱和，共轭）TypesofReaction:substitution(alkylation,halogenationetc)（取代，如烷基化，卤代）;addition（加成）;elimination（消去）;condensation（缩合）;polymerization（聚合）;oxidation（氧化）;reduction（还原）.degradation（降解）;rearrangement（重排）;replacement（置换）;pericyclicreaction(cycloadditionreaction;electrocyclicreaction;sigmatropicrearrangement)（周环反应，包括:环加成，电环化，σ-重排）Electrophile(electrophilic)（亲电试剂，亲电的）;nucleophile(nucleophilic)（亲核试剂，亲核的）;Carbocation（碳正离子）;carbanion（碳负离子）;radical（游离基，free,自由基）;intermediate（中间体）;substituent（取代基）;Reactivity（反应活性）;Attack（进攻）;leavinggroup（离去基团）;protectinggroup（保护基）;catalyst（催化剂）;Kinetic（动力学的）;thermodynamic（热力学的）.cis-transisomer;opticalisomer(enantiomer);（顺-反异构体，光学异构体（光学对映体））asymmetric;chiral;chirality;（不对称，手性的，手性）racemicmixture;mesocompound;（外消旋体，内消旋体）stereoselectivereaction;stereospecificreation;regioselectivereaction;sterichindrance;stericeffects;（立体阻碍（位阻），立体效应）reflux;stir;azeotrope;（回流，搅拌，恒、共沸物）separation;filter;distillation;fraction;chromatography;（分离，过滤，蒸馏，分馏，色谱）extraction;precipitate;recrystallization;（萃取，沉淀，重结晶）TermsrelatedtothesyntheticexperimentReducingAdapterBeakerErlenmeyer(conical)FlaskThree-NeckRound-BottomFlaskRound-BottomFlasksstopperAllihn(ball)CondenserLiebigCondenserSeparatoryFunnelDroppingFunnelsinteredglassFunnelGrahams(coil)CondenserFunnelFilteringFlasksVacuum-DistillingAdapterClaisenAdaptersPestleMortarSplash-GuardThree-WayAdaptersBuchnerfunnelsTrapCruciblesvolumetricFlasksGroundjoint;Flask(three-necked,round-bottom,conical,filter,suction,volumetric);Condenser(air,reflux,ball,coil);distillinghead(claisen);adaptor(vacuum);Beaker;funnel(buchner,separatory,long-stem,stemless,dropping,sinteredglass);Bottle(weighing,washing,dropping,gas-washing);dryingtube(tower,desiccator,vacuumdesiccator);Prefix----------Parent-----------SuffixNomenclatureofparentpart-----NomenclatureofalkanesandalkylsubstituentsStraight-chainalkanesStraight-chainalkanesarenamedbycountingthenumberofcarbonatomsinthechainandaddingthefamilysuffix-ane.Thuspentaneisthefive-carbonalkane,andhexaneisthesix-carbonalkane.Analkylsubstituent(oranalkylgroup)isanalkanefromwhichasinglehydrogenhasbeenremoved.Alkylsubstituentsarenamedbyreplacingthe“ane”suffixofthealkanewith“yl”.Theletter“R”isusedtoindicateanyalkylgroup.ThusCH3-hasthenameofmethyl,whilethegroupofCH3CH2-wasnamedethyl.NumberMolecularNameNameinAlkylofcarbonsformulaChinesesubstituents1CH4Methane甲烷Methyl2C2H6Ethane乙烷Ethyl3C3H8Propane丙烷Propyl4C4H10Butane丁烷Butyl5C5H12Pentane戊烷Pentyl6C6H14Hexane己烷Hexyl7C7H16Heptane庚烷Heptyl8C8H18Octane辛烷Octyl9C9H20Nonane壬烷Nonyl10C10H22Decane癸烷Decyl11C11H24Undecane十一烷Undecyl12C12H26Dodecane十二烷Dodecyl13C13H28Tridecane十三烷Tridecyl20C20H42Icosane二十烷Icosyl21C21H44Heneicosane二十一烷Heneicosyl30C30H62Triacontane三十烷TriacontylBranched-chainalkanes3-ethyl-3-methylhexaneCH3CH2CCH2CH2CH3CH2CH3CH3SomeusefulprefixesforindicatingthenumberofsubstituentgroupsMono-单取代,一取代Di-二取代Tri-三取代Tetra-四取代Pent(a)-五取代Hex(a)-六取代Hept(a)-七取代Oct(a)-八取代Nona-九取代Deca-十取代2,6-dimethyloctanenot2-ethyl-6-methylheptane3-ethyl-2-methylhexanenot3-isopropylhexaneCH3CHCH2CH2CH2CHCH3CH2CH3CH3CH3CH2CHCH2CH2CH3CHCH3CH3Someusefulprefixesusedtonamebranchedalkanes(Commonnames)(normal)n-正(isomer)iso-异neo-新primary伯，一级(secondary)sec-仲，二级(tertiary)tert-叔，三级quaternary季，四级n-pentaneneopentaneisobutane正戊烷新戊烷异丁烷Pentane2,2-dimethylpropane2-methylpropanetert-butanolisobutanaminesec-butanamine叔丁醇异丁胺仲丁胺2-methyl-2-propanol2-methylpropanamine1-methylpropanamineCH3(CH2)3CH3CH3CCH3CH3CH3CH3CHCH3CH3CH3CCH3OHCH3CH3CHCH2NH2CH3CH3CH2CHNH2CH3Cyclicalkanes(cycloalkanes)e.g.cylcopropane,cyclopentane,andcyclohexyletcCHCCHCH3CH3CH3CH3CH3CH3NomenclatureofacyclichydrocarbonswithonedoubleortriplebondAcyclichydrocarbonshavingonedoubleortriplebondarenamedbyreplacingtheending“-ane”ofthenameofthecorrespondingalkanewiththeending“-ene”or“-yne”.(alkene)(alkyne)e.g.(butane)butenebutenebutynetrans-2-butenecis-2-butene3-methyl-1-butyneTheunivalentradicalderivedfromacyclicalkeneoralkynehastheendings“-enyl”or“-ynyl”,(alkenealkenyl)(alkynealkynyl),andthepositionofthedoubleortriplebondisindicatedwherenecessary.(unlikealkanealkyl)e.g.1-propenyl2-butenylethynyl2-propynylCHCHCH3CH3CHCHCH2CHCCHCCH2Thefollowingnon-systematicnamesareretainedEthylene(乙烯）Allene（丙二烯）Acetylene（乙炔）Isoprene（异戊二烯）Vinyl（乙烯基）Allyl（烯丙基）Isopropenyl（异丙烯基）CHCHCH2CH2CH2CCH2CH2CHCH2CHCH2CH3CCH2NomenclatureofacyclichydrocarbonswithtwoormoredoubleortriplebondsTwoormoredoublebonds:theendingwillbe“-adiene”,“-atriene”etc.(alkadiene)Twoormoretriplebonds:theendingwillbe“-adiyne”,“-atriyne”etc.(alkadiyne)e.g.2-methyl-1,3-butadienepropadiene2,5-dimethyl-2,4,6-octatriene3-ethyl-4-methyl-1,6-heptadiyneCH2CCH2CHCHCH3CH3Nomenclatureofmonocyclicaromatichydrocarbons苯甲苯二甲苯苯乙烯异丙苯均三甲苯benzenetoluenexylenestyrenecumenemesitylene苯基甲苯基二甲苯基苯乙烯基异丙苯基均三甲苯基苄基PhenyltolylxylylstyrylcumenylmesitylbenzylCH3CH3CH3CHCH2CH3CH3CH3CH3CH3CH3CH3CH3CHCH2CH3CH3CH3C