西方文化导论课件Unit4

U4_mainGetStartedTextStudySupplementaryResourcesTextStudy_mainTextStudyTextStudyI.TheBackgroundoftheBirthofChristianityII.TheBirthandDevelopmentofChristianityIII.ThePrincipalDoctrinesofChristianityIV.TheChristianSchismandItsPrincipalFactionsV.AnIntroductiontotheNewTestamentTextStudy_I_1.1TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasOwingtotherepeatedconquestsofJerusalembyvariousaggressors,likeAlexandertheGreatandtheRomans,theJewssufferedagreatdealfromtheviolentsuppressionandthefinallossoftheirhomeland.Theanti-RomanstrugglesinJerusalemgaverisetoarevengefulmassacrebyRomans,whichledtotheheavylossofthelivesofthousandsofJewswhowerekilledandmanyotherswhoweresoldasslaves.Inspiteofthedisastrouseffectandheavydamage,theJewishpeoplewerenotsubjugatedmentallyoryieldedtotheirdestiny,butroseupinlateryearsinexileintheformofsecretfactionalactivitiesandstruggles.TextStudy_I_1.2TextStudyMainIdeasTheEuropeanandJewishculturesbenefitedfromeachotherinthelongprocessfollowinghistoricaldevelopmentwiththeestablishmentofChristianity.ThroughyearsoflargegroupsofJewishpeopletravellingintheirexilesalongtheMediterraneancoastsandacrossEuropeancountries,WesterncultureandChristianitywereimmenselyenrichedbyJewishcultureandreligionwhichhadcontributeditsOldTestamentasanimportantconstituentoftheChristianBible.Ontheotherhand,Plato’sideasprovidedamoreintellectualandreasonableframeworkforthebasicbeliefsofpiousJewishpeople.MainIdeasTextStudy_II_1.1TextStudyMainIdeas•FormationofEarlyChristianityTheearlysignsofChristians’presencebeganwiththeoppositiontotheRomanreignbytheJewswhowererepelledbyRomancrueltyandengagedthemselvesinundergroundresistance.Theneedofasaviour-likefigurewhocouldrescuethemfromsufferingfounditsansweroutoftheJewishculturaltraditionaboutMessiahandconsequentlyJesus,asemi-godandsemi-humanimage.MainIdeasTextStudy_II_1.2TextStudyMainIdeasTheearliestsecretorganization(2ndcenturyBC－2ndcenturyAD):cameintobeingamongtheJewsinAsiaMinor,advocatingfaithinMessiah.MainIdeasthearistocratswhosupportedtheRomanregimeandHerodthePhariseeswhowerefreefromthepriest’spowerandhadtheirstrictBaptistritualandbeliefinimmortalitytheEsseneswholivedaharshandasceticlifeandbelievedbaptismandothertypicalChristianpracticestheJudaistprotestorwholaunchedviolentobjectionstotheRomanruleTextStudy_II_1.3TextStudyMainIdeasTheearliestChristiandocument:TheRevelationofJohnwrittenin1stcenturyAD.Doctrines:thepurityofmindandgoodmanners.ClassificationoftheJewsMainIdeasTextStudy_II_1.4TextStudyMainIdeas•ThelegendsofJesusAccordingtothelegend,JesusistheSonofGod.Hislifeontheearth,Hiscrucifixion,resurrection,andascensionintotheheavenareevidencesofGod’slovefortheworldandGod’sforgivenessofhumansins,andthatJesussacrificedhislifeinordertosavehumankind.ChristiansaccepttheBibleasitssacredandauthoritativescripture.MainIdeasTextStudy_II_1.5TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasTextStudy_II_1.6TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasTextStudy_II_1.7TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasReasonsforRomanacceptanceofChristianity:a.Forthecommonpeopleintheempirewhowerefedupwithwarsandsocialturmoil,theyneededsomethingtofilluptheirspiritualvacuum.Christianitycouldplaysucharoletopacifyandcomfortthemwithloveandcaremoreeffectivelythanotherorganizationsorreligions.b.Itcouldworktogetherwithanysecularregimestooffernecessaryassistancetocontrolideologicallyandintellectuallytheordinarypeople,whichwasthuswelcomedbythekings,emperorsoraristocrats.TextStudy_II_1.11TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasc.ThenameandinfluenceofChristianitywouldbeasymbolofsacrednessandjustification,whichwouldhelpthemajorityofpeopletoacceptthereignofanewlyemergingrulerandhisfollowers.d.Christianityisalsoakindofculture,whichtomanypeoplesuggestssocialstabilityandrecoveryofanoldlifestyletheyareaccustomedto.Thoughconservativeaswell,itcouldbetoleratedbecausetheirlifeandpropertycouldthusbesecuredinthechangedcircumstances.TextStudy_II_1.12TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeas•ThedisseminationandperfectionofChristianityBeforethe4thcenturyAD,ChristianshadbeenpersecutedinRomanEmpire.WiththedisseminationanddevelopmentofChristianity,moreandmorepeopleinRomanEmpirebegantobelievethattheChristiandoctrinescouldfillupthespiritualvacuum.BeingawareofthepotentialstrengthofChristianity,theRomanEmperorsConstantineIandLiciniusissuedTheEdictofMilanin313,proclaimingreligioustolerationintheRomanEmpire,whichoccurredshortlyaftertheconclusionoftheDiocletianicPersecutionofmanyChristians.On27February380,EmperorTheodosiusIdeclaredChristianityastheofficialreligionoftheRomanEmpire,suggestingthatChristianityhadturnedanewpage.TextStudy_II_1.9TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasTheconceptionoftheTrinity:TheTrinityistheunityofHolyFather(God),HolySon(Jesus)andHolySpirit,representingrespectivelypower(fromGermanculture),wisdom(fromGreekculture)andlove(fromJewishculture).TextStudy_II_1.13TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasTextStudy_II_1.14TextStudyMainIdeas•TheRelationshipBetweenChristianityandJudaismChristianityhasacloserelationshipwithJudaism,bothhistoricallyandtheologically.DespiteitsJewishorigins,itwasnotlongbeforeChristianityregardeditselfassomethingotherthananewJewis