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2000.3Informationandcommunicationsarecentraltomodernsocietyandorganizations.Oneapproachtounderstandtheworkingenvironmentistoconsideranorganizationasacommunicationssystem.Anorganizationthathasopenlinesofcommunicationwithvalid,honestinformationgoingup,down,andthroughouttheorganizationwillbemuchmoreeffectiveandamuchbetterplacetoworkthantheorganizationthatattemptstorestricttheflowofinformationordistortanddeceive.Whenleadershipattemptstokeepworkersinthedark,workerstendtobecomedistrustful.Thisunderminestheircooperation.Itiseasytounderstandthevalueandimportanceofopen,honestcommunicationsandvalidinformation.Yet,feworganizationsareabletofunctioninthismanner.Inthelongrun,poorcommunicationwillunderminetheentireorganization.Restrictingcommunicationanddistortinginformationaresymptomsofshort-rangethinking.Wemustavoidthesestupid,short-sightedtrapsandconstantlystriveforandopencommunicationssystemwithobjectiveinformation.信息和交流对现代社会和机构是非常重要的。了解工作环境的一个方法是把一个机构看作一个交流系统。如果一个机构有着公开的交流渠道,内部上下沟通,信息真实可靠,那么它就是颇有工作效能的,在这里工作比在一个企图限制信息交流或进行歪曲和欺骗的机构中工作要好得多。领导如果什么事情都不对员工讲,员工就会对领导不信任。这就破坏了他们的合作。懂得公开真诚的交流和可靠信息的价值和重要性是不难的。然而,只有极少数的机构可以做到这点。从长远来看,交流不好,会破坏整个机构。限制沟通和曲解信息是短期行为的思路。我们必须避免这些愚昧、短视的陷阱,不断地努力营造一个以客观信息为基础的沟通体系。2000.9Bothlanguageandculturearelearnedbychildrenwithoutspecialorganizedprogramsofinstruction,butmotivationtolearnisveryhighsincelanguageisthemosteffectivemeansforachildtoobtainwhatheorshewants.Ifthelearningofanewlanguagebeginsbeforeloweradolescence,oneislikelytobeabletospeaksuchalanguagewithcompletenaturalness,butiflearnedafterupperadolescencesomehangoverofamother-tonguefeatureisverylikelytopersist.Butnotonlydolanguagesexhibitsuchlearningpatterns,butsodoculturaltraits,forexample,shakinghands,kissing,andembracing.Althoughmanypersonsassumethatlanguagesexistindictionariesandgrammars,infacttheyonlyexistinpeople’sheads.Butthisisequallytrueofculturaltraits,whichindicateclearlyaperson’svaluesystemwhencrucialdecisionsneedtobemadebeforethereisanytimetothinkaboutalternatives,forexample,divingintoafloodingstreamtorescueadrowningchild.儿童学习语言和文化,无须专门编制的教学计划,但他们的学习积极性很高,因为他们获得想要的东西,语言及是最有效的手段。如果一个人十来岁开始学习一门新的语言,日后他就有可能轻松自如地说这门语言。但如果到十六、七岁才学,那么他说话时多半会夹杂一些母语的痕迹。不仅语言学习呈现这种模式,文化特征,如握手、接吻和拥抱,也同样如此。尽管许多人认为语言存在于词典和语法中,然而事实上语言仅存在于人们的头脑里。文化特征亦然。在没有时间考虑何取何舍而必须作出关键性决定时,如跳入泛滥的河水去救一个溺水的孩子,文化特征会清楚地表现出一个人的价值体系。2001.3Twentyyearsago,MotorolalookedupontheJapanesewithsomethingclosetofear.TheChicagocompany'stelevision-manufacturingdivisionhadbeenlargeandprofitableinthe1960s.Bytheearly1970s,however,highcostsandarisingtideofinexpensiveJapaneseTVsweretakingaheavytoll.“TheJapanesewereveryaggressive”,recallsMotorolaspokesmanMarioSalvadori.“Theywantedtogetmarketshare.”Withcutthroatpricing,theydid—eventuallyrunningnearlyeveryU.S.electroniccompanyoutoftheTVbusiness.MotorolasolditsQuasarTVunittoaJapanesecompanyin1974.ButwhileotherU.S.companieswereflooredforforeigncompetition,Motorolarefocuseditsenergies,Itturnedtowirelesscommunications—anindustryithadpioneered(withmobileradiosandwalkie-talkie)inthe1920s.Itwasaprescientmove.20年前,摩托罗拉公司带着近乎害怕的心理看待日本企业。早在(20世纪)60年代,这个公司芝加哥的电视制造分公司规模大、利润高。但在70年代初,高成本以及日本廉价电视机日趋上升的势头使其遭受重创。“日本人非常嚣张,”摩托罗拉公司发言人马里奥·萨尔瓦多瑞追忆道,“他们想分享市场。”通过残酷无情的价格战,他们如愿以偿,并最终把几乎所有美国电子公司赶出电视机行业。1974年,摩托罗拉将其Quasar电视生产厂卖给了一家日本公司。但是,当其他美国公司在对外竞争中败北的时候,摩托罗拉公司重新调整了产业方向,转向无线通讯。这是一个它在20年代开拓的产业(另外还有移动收音机和步话机)。此举确有先见之明。2001.9Bythemiddleofthiscentury,sometwothirdsoftheworld'snations,withatleastfivebillionpeople,willenjoyastandardoflivingwhichonlytheadvancedeconomiesnowhave.SomethreebillionofthesepeoplewillliveinAsia.Collectively,theAsiancountrieswillhavealargereconomythantherestoftheworldputtogether.TherestoftheworldwillhavetoreacttothismillennialeconomicshifttoAsia,andtotherisingpowerofChina.TherestoftheworldwillbedividedbetweentheEuro-Americancountries,andthetwobigperipheralpowers,JapanandRussia.Russiaisahugegeographicalcountry,withwelleducatedpeople,andwilleventuallyrecover.Intermofnations,itwillbeaworldofmuchgreatereconomicequality.Althoughtherewillstillbepoorcountries,mostwillbequiterich.Insidethesenationstherewillbemassprosperity,butwithalargeminorityinseriouspoverty,andasmallnumberwhoareveryrich.到本世纪中叶,世界上约三分之二的国家,至少50亿人口将享受到目前只有经济发达国家才拥有的生活水准,其中约30亿人生活在亚洲。亚洲国家的整体经济规模将超过世界上其他国家和地区加在一起的经济规模。在新的千年经济重心将向亚洲转移,中国的力量将日益壮大,世界其他地区将不得不对此做出反应。世界其他地区将分为欧美国家和两个外围大国,即日本与俄罗斯。俄罗斯是一个地域广阔的国家,人民受到良好教育,最终将东山起。就国家而言,世界各国经济将更加势均力敌。尽管仍有穷国,但大多数国家将相当富有。在这些国家里,民众生活富足,但仍有相当数量的少数人处境艰难,一小部分人则腰缠万贯。2002.3Foundationsaretax-freeinstitutionsthatarecreatedtogivegrantstobothindividualsandnonprofitorganizationsforactivitiesthatrangefromeducation,research,andtheartstosupportfortheupkeepofexoticgardensandoldmansions.Theyprovideameansbywhichwealthypeopleandcorporationscanineffectdecidehowtheirtaxpaymentswillbespent,fortheyarebasedonmoneythatotherwisewouldgotothegovernmentintaxes.Fromasmallbeginningattheturnofthecentury,theyhavebecomeaveryimportantfactorinshapingdevelopmentsinhighereducationandthearts.Thinktanksanduniversityresearchinstitutesarenonprofitorganizationsthathavebeendevelopedtoprovidesettingsforexp
本文标题:中级口译英译汉真题集
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