水文地质学-1-2

水文地质学Hydrogeology河南理工大学资源环境学院符勇教授Preface水文地质学是研究地下水的科学。它研究与岩石圈、水圈、大气圈、生物圈以及人类活动相互作用下地下水水量和水质的时空变化规律，并研究如何运用这些规律去兴利除害，为人类服务。Hydrogeologyisasubjecttoresearchgroundwater.Itstudiesthechanginglawsoftimeandspaceofgroundwaterquantityandqualityundertheinteractionamongthelithosphere,hydrosphere,atmosphere,biosphereandhumanactivitiesandhowtousetheselawstoservethepeople.PrefaceGroundwaterisalsocalledundergroundwater,thatisthewaterexistingintheporesofrocksandsoils.Thegroundwaterfunctionsinclude:resources,biologicalenvironment,disaster,geologicactionandinformationcarrier.Groundwateranditsexistingmediaareofotherfunctions.Hydrogeologicactionsinnationaleconomyarerelativetogroundwaterandtheirfunctionsofexitingmedia.水文地质学3.水文地球化学Hydrogeochemistry1.水文地质学基础Sedimentaryhydrogeology4.区域水文地质学RegionalHydrogeology5.石油水文地质学PetroleumHydrogeology2.地下水动力学Groundwaterdynamics对于作为供水水源的地下水，必须评价其水质水量，查明其分布规律。这方面的工作形成了供水水文地质学。Thequalityandquantityofgroundwatermustbeevaluatedanditsdistributionmustbeinvestigated.TheseworksformHydrogeologyforWaterSupply.Preface含有某些特殊组分，具有某些特殊性质，因而具有一定医疗与保健作用的地下水，称作矿水。矿水是建立矿泉疗养地与生产瓶装矿泉水的必要资源。勘查与评价工业矿水与医疗矿水，也形成了相应的学科分支——矿水水文地质学MineralWaterHydrogeology。Preface第一章地球上的水及其循环Chapter1Thewaterintheearthanditscycle第一章地球上的水及其循环1.1Thewaterintheearth地球上的水大气水Meteoricwater地表水Surfacewater地下水groundwater1．2自然界的水循环Watercycleinnature自大气圈到地幔的地球各个层圈中的水构成一个系统。这一系统内的水相互联系、相互转化的过程即是自然界的水循环。Thewaterinthespheresoftheearthconstitutesasystemfromatmospheretomantle.Thewaterinthesystemcaninterlinkandinter-transform.Theprocessiscalledwatercycleinnature.1.2Watercycleinnature自然界的水循环按其循环途径长短、循环速度的快慢以及涉及层圈的范围，可分为水文循环和地质循环两类。Thewatercyclecanbeclassifiedintotwotypes:hydrologiccycleandgeologiccycleaccordingtothecyclewaysandcyclevelocityandspherescale.1.2.1水文循环Hydrologiccycle水文循环是发生于大气水、地表水和地壳岩石空隙中的地下水之间的水循环。水文循环的速度较快，途径较短，转换交替比较迅速。1.2Watercycleinnature1.2.1水文循环Hydrocycle水文循环分为小循环与大循环。海洋与大陆之间的水分交换为大循环。海洋或大陆内部的水分交换称为小循环。通过调节小循环条件，加强小循环的频率和强度，可以改善局部性的干旱气候。目前人力仍无法改变大循环条件。Hydrologiccyclecanbeclassifiedintosmallcycleandlargecycle.Themoistureexchangebetweenoceanandlandiscalledlargecycle.Themoistureexchangeintheoceanoronthelandiscalledsmallcycle.Thelocaldryclimatecanbeimprovedbyadjustingtheconditionsofsmallcycleandenhancingthefrequencyandstrength.Butnowtheconditionsoflargecyclecannotbechanged.地球浅层圈和深层圈之间水的相互转化过程称为水的地质循环。Theinterchangingprocessofwaterbetweenshallowsphereanddeepsphereiscalledgeologiccycle.Chapter1Thewaterintheearthanditscycle1.2.1地质循环Geologiccycle第一章地球上的水及其循环水文循环与地质循环是很不相同的自然界水循环。水文循环通常发生于地球浅层圈中，是H20分子态水的转换，通常更替较快。水文循环对地球的气候、水资源、生态环境等影响显著，与人类的生存环境有直接的密切联系。第一章地球上的水及其循环水文循环与地质循环是很不相同的自然界水循环。水文循环通常发生于地球浅层圈中，是H20分子态水的转换，通常更替较快。水文循环对地球的气候、水资源、生态环境等影响显著，与人类的生存环境有直接的密切联系。屈原《天问》柳宗元《天对》东穷归墟又环西盈脉穴土区而浊浊清清Chapter1Thewaterintheearthanditscycle水文循环与地质循环是很不相同的自然界水循环。水文循环通常发生于地球浅层圈中，通常更替较快。水文循环对地球的气候、水资源、生态环境等影响显著，与人类的生存环境有直接的密切联系。Hydrologiccycleandgeologiccyclearequitedifferentwatercycle.Hydrologiccycleusuallyproducesinshallowsphere.Hydrologiccycleaffectsclimate,waterresources,bio-environmentheavilyandisofcloserelationwithexistingenvironmentofhumanbeing.Chapter1Thewaterintheearthanditscycle水文循环是水文学与水文地质学的研究重点。地质循环发生于地球浅层圈与深层圈之间，常伴有水分子的分解与合成，转换速度缓慢，过去常被人们所忽视。Hydrologiccycleisthekeypointofhydrologyandhydrogeology.Geologiccycleproducesbetweenshallowsphereanddeepsphere,withcompositionanddecompositionofwatermoleculesandexchangeslowly,andisalwaysignored.Chapter1Thewaterintheearthanditscycle随着对各种成矿地质作用认识的深化，水参与各种地质作用过程的意义不断被人们所认识。研究水的地质循环，对于深入了解水的起源，水在各种地质作用过程乃至地球演化过程中的作用，都具有重要意义。Withtheknowledgedeepeningofvariousmineralization,themeaningofwaterparticipatinginvariousgeologicactionsisrecognized.Studyongeologiccycleisofsignificantforresearchingthewaterroleofvariousprocessofgeologicactionandtheearthevolution.(Geofluid)Chapter1Thewaterintheearthanditscycle1.3与水文循环有关的气象、水文因素1.3.1气象因素Climatefactor自然界中水循环的重要环节——蒸发、降水，都与大气的物理状态密切相关;气象和气候因素对水资源的形成与分布具有重要影响。Thekeylinkofwatercycle(evaporationandprecipitation)arecloserelativewithatmosphericphysicalstate.Weatherandclimateareofsignificantforformationanddistributionofwaterresources.蒸发在常温下水由液态变为气态进入大气的过程称为蒸发。空气中的水汽主要来自地表水、地下水、土壤和植物的蒸发。有了蒸发作用，水循环才得以不断进行。EvaporationInnormaltemperaturewaterchangestovapor,theprocessiscalledevaporation.Thevaporintheairismainlyfromevaporationofsurfacewater,groundwater,soilwaterandplant.Watercyclecancarryoutwithevaporation.Chapter1Thewaterintheearthanditscycle降水当空气中水汽含量达饱和状态时，超过饱和限度的水汽便凝结，以液态或固态形式降落到地面，这就是降水。PrecipitationWhenvaporcontentintheairreachessaturated,thevaporoversaturatedlimitwillbecondensedandfalltogroundinliquidorsolidstate.Theprocessiscalledprecipitation.Chapter1Thewaterintheearthanditscycle径流径流是水文循环的重要环节和水均衡的基本要素，系指降落到地表的降水在重力作用下沿地表或地下流动的水流。因此，径流可分为地表径流和地下径流，两者具有密切联系，并经常相互转化。RunoffRunoffistheimportantlinkofhydrologiccycleandthebasicfactorofwaterbalance,whichreferstoflowingwateralongsurfaceorgroundunderthegravityaction.Thereforerunoffcanbeclassifiedintosurfacerunoffandgroundrunoff.Bothofthemareofcloserelationandusuallyexchangeeachother.Chapter1Thewaterintheearthanditscycle地表径流和地下径流均有按系