莎士比亚与戏剧lecture10WilliamShakespeareandhisplays：Haml

Lecture10WilliamShakespeare＆Hamlet•Objective•LearnhowtoappreciateadramabyanalysingHamlet•1.Abriefintroductiontodrama:•ThetermcomesfromaGreekwordmeaning“action”(whichisderivedfromtheverbmeaning“todo”or“toact”）.•Thedramaisenactedintheatre,performedbyactorsonastagebeforeanaudience.•Thestructureofdramatictexts,unlikeotherformsofliterature,isdirectlyinfluencedbythecollaborativeproductionandcollectivereception.•TheearlymoderntragedyHamlet(1601)byShakespeareandtheclassicalAtheniantragedyOedipustheKing(c.429BC)bySophocles（索福克勒斯）areamongthemasterpiecesoftheartofdrama.AmodernexampleisLongDay'sJourneyintoNightbyEugeneO’Neill(1956).•traditionalgenericdivision：•Thetwomasksassociatedwithdramarepresentthetraditionalgenericdivisionbetweencomedyandtragedy.TheyaresymbolsoftheancientGreekMuses,ThaliaandMelpomene.ThaliawastheMuseofcomedy(thelaughingface),whileMelpomenewastheMuseoftragedy(theweepingface).•Elements：Dramaisoftencombinedwithmusicanddance:thedramainoperaisgenerallysungthroughout;musicalsgenerallyincludebothspokendialogueandsongs;andsomeformsofdramahaveincidentalmusicormusicalaccompanimentunderscoringthedialogue.Incertainperiodsofhistory(theancientRomanandmodernRomantic)somedramashavebeenwrittentobereadratherthanperformed.•Formsofdrama–Opera–Pantomime(哑剧或舞剧)–Creativedrama2.1ClassicalGreekdrama◆WesterndramaroughlyoriginatedinthetheatreofancientGreece2500yearsago.◆threegenresofdrama:tragedy,comdedy,andthesatyrplay.2.HistoryofWesterndrama•Atragedyisaformofdramabasedonhumansufferingthatinvokesinitsaudienceanaccompanyingcatharsisorpleasureintheviewing.•亚里斯多德认为悲剧描写的是严肃的事件，是对有一定长度的动作的摹仿；目的在於引起怜悯和恐惧，并导致这些情感的净化。（Animitationofaserious,completeactionbyarousingtheemotionsofpityandfearinordertopurgeawaytheirexcess,toreducethesepassionstoahealthylevel.）•鲁迅先生对悲喜剧的定义:悲剧就是把人生有价值的东西毁灭给人看,喜剧就是把无价值的东西展示/撕破给人看。•Acomedyisanysortofperformanceintendedtocauselaughterortheemotionsassociatedwithlaughter.•SatyrplayswereanancientGreekformoftragicomedy,featuredchorusesofsatyrs,basedonGreekmythology,andrifewithmockdrunkenness,brazensexuality,pranks,•sightgags,andgeneralmerriment◆Onlyasmallfractionoftheworkoffivedramatists,however,hassurvivedtothisday.•Aeschylus（埃斯库罗斯fatheroftragedy）:ThePersians(theoldestsurvivingdrama,performedin472BC)Sophocles（索福克勒斯）:OedipustheKingEuripides（欧里庇得斯）:Medea《美狄亚》Aristophanes（阿里斯多芬尼斯FatherofComedy）:TheKnightsMenander（米南德）:Dyskolos（《恨世者》/《古怪人》）2.2Medievaldrama◆IntheMiddleAges,dramainthevernacularlanguagesofEuropemayhaveemergedfromreligiousenactmentsoftheliturgy.◆Typesofdrama:mysteryplays/miracleplays;moralityplays;interludes2.3TheperiodofRenaissance●MainlyrepresentedbydramasofBritainandspain.●“TheThreeUnities”rulewasestablished.●ElizabethanandJacobeanDrama：Floweringperiod:inthe16thand17thcenturies.Writtenlanguageforms:inverse,particularlyiambicpentameter.Representatives:Shakespeare,ChristopherMarlow,ThomasMiddleton,andBenJonsonWritingsources:GreekmythologyorRomanplaywrights.2.4Theclassicismperiod:●representedbydramasofFrance.●Therepresentativesare:Corneille（高乃依）,Moliere（莫里哀）,Racine（拉辛）.2.5Theenlightenmentperiod:●gotdevelopmentinFrance,Germany,BritainandItaly.●France：literaturebourgeoise（市民剧）byDiderot（狄德罗）●Italy：improvisation（即兴喜剧）●Germany：Lessing（莱辛），Goethe，Schiller（席勒）●Britain：Fielding，Goldsmith（哥尔德斯密斯），Sheridan（谢里丹）2.6The19thcentury●Genres：Romanticandrealisticdrama●Representatives:Hugo（雨果），AlexandreDumasFils（小仲马），Zola（左拉:Naturalismdrama）,Ibsen（易卜生），BernardShaw（萧伯纳），Pushkin（普希金）；Galsworthy（高尔斯华绥）；Gorky（高尔基），Tolstoy（托尔斯泰），Gogol（果戈里），Chekhov（契诃夫），Ostrovsky（奥斯特洛夫斯基）,2.7Modernandpostmoderndrama●Thepivotalandinnovativecontributionsofthe19thcenturyNorwegiandramatistHenrikIbsenandthe20thcenturyGermantheatrepractitionerBertoltBrecht(布莱希特)dominatemoderndrama.●Writingways:intheirdifferentways-----modernism，realism，symbolism,expressionism，futurism，surrealism，existentialism，absurdism.Representatives:EugeneO‘Neill(尤金·奥尼尔);ArthurMiller(亚瑟·米勒),TennesseeWilliams(田纳西·威廉姆斯),EugèneIonesco(欧仁·尤奈斯库),SamuelBeckett（塞缪尔·贝克特）,3.WilliamShakespeareandhisplaysuniversallyacknowledgedtobethesummitoftheEnglishRenaissanceoneofthemostremarkableplaywrightsandpoetstheworldhaseverknownrepresentativeworks:38plays,154sonnets,and2narrativepoems3.WilliamShakespeareandhisplays•Aboutliteraryperiodsofplays•Fourtragedies﹠Fourcomidies•ChiefachievementsandcharacteristicsofShakespeare’sdrama3.1ThreemajorperiodsofShakespeare’sdarmalife:1.Thefirstperiod:1590to1600,inwhichhewrotealtogether22plays:11ccomedies,3tragediesand8historicalplays.2.Thesecondperiod:1601to1608,theperiodoftragedies.Thisperiodismarkedbygloomanddepressioncombinedwithmasterlyworkmanship.3.Thethirdperiod:1609to1612,theperiodofdramaticromances.Theplaysinthisperiodarefullofunrealisticcompromisesandfantasy.back3.3ChiefachievementsandcharacteristicsofShakespeare’sdrama●Shakespeare’ssuccessasagreatplaywrightchieflyrestonthefollowingfiveaspects:----Theprogressivesignificanceofhisthemes;-----Hissuccessfulcharacterportrayal;-----Hismaster-handinconstructingplays;----Theingenuityofhiscomposing;-----Hism