您好,欢迎访问三七文档
当前位置:首页 > 电子/通信 > 数据通信与网络 > summary-writing(原文及范文)
1summarywriting(原文及范文)WritingDirections:Forthispart,youaretowriteasummaryofeitheroftwoarticlesthatarepresentedtoyouinthefollowing.Yoursummaryshouldbe150-200words.Remembertowriteneatly.ScienceandHumanityThetwentiethcenturysawmoremomentouschangethananypreviouscentury:changeforbetter,changeforworse;changethatbroughtenormousbenefitstohumanbeings,changethatthreatenstheveryexistenceofthehumanspecies.Manyfactorscontributedtothischangebut—inmyopinion—themostimportantfactorwastheprogressinscience.Academicresearchinthephysicalandbiologicalscienceshasvastlybroadenedourhorizons;ithasgivenusadeepinsightintothestructureofmatterandoftheuniverse;ithasbroughtbetterunderstandingofthenatureoflifeandofitscontinuousevolution.Technology—theapplicationofscience—hasmadefantasticadvancesthathaveaffectedusbeneficiallyinnearlyeveryaspectoflife:betterhealth,morewealth,lessdrudgery(单调沉闷的工作),greateraccesstoinformation.Sadly,however,thereisanothersidetothepicture.Thecreativityofsciencehasbeenemployedtothedetriment(损害)ofmankind.Theapplicationofscienceandtechnologytothedevelopmentandmanufactureofweaponsofmassdestructionhascreatedarealthreattothecontinuedexistenceofthehumanraceonthisplanet.Wehaveseenthishappeninthecaseofnuclearweapons.Althoughtheiractualuseincombathassofaroccurredonlyin1945—whentwoJapanesecitiesweredestroyed—duringthefourdecadesoftheColdWar,obscenelyhugearsenals(武器库)ofnuclearweaponswereaccumulatedandmadereadyforuse.Thearsenalsweresolargethatiftheweaponshadactuallybeendetonated(爆炸)theresultcouldhavebeenthecompleteextinctionofthehumanspecies,aswellasofmanyanimalspecies.WilliamShakespearesaid:Thewebofourlifeisofamingled(混合的)yarn,goodandilltogether.Theabovebriefreviewoftheapplicationofonlyonestrandofhumanactivities—science—seemstobearoutthisadage(格言).Butdoesithavetobeso?Mustillalwaysaccompanygooddeeds?Arewebiologicallyprogrammedforaggressionandwar?Iamnotanauthorityingenetics,butfrommyreadingsandlife-longobservationIdonotseeanyevidencethatwearegeneticallycondemnedtocommitevil.Onthecontrary,onverygeneralgroundsIwouldsaythatgeneticallywearedestinedtodothingsthatareofbenefittothehumanspecies,andthatthenegativeaspectsaremistakes,transienterrorsintheprocessofevolution.Inotherwords,IbelieveintheinherentgoodnessofMan.2Wearethusfacedwithadaunting(威吓,使胆怯)dilemma.Asaprocessofnaturalevolution,scienceshouldbeallowedtodevelopfreely,withoutrestrictions.Butcanweaffordtheluxuryofuninhibitedresearchinthenaturalsciences,withitsawesome(可怕的)potentialoftotaldestruction,inaworldinwhichwarisstillarecognizedsocialinstitution?Thepreservationofthehumanspeciesanditscontinuingenhancementdemandthatwelearntolivewithoneanotherinpeaceandharmony.Butthislearningprocesshasbeenslowandarduous(费力的),andisnotyetcomplete.Duetotheharshconditionsunderwhichprimitivemanlived,heoftenhadtofightwithotherhumanbeingsforsurvival.Individualkillingand,later,collectivekilling—war—thusbegantobeseenasanaturalphenomenon.Wearestillnotorganizedforawar-freeworld.Butinthemeantime,thehumanspeciesmaybebroughttoanendbytheuseofthetoolsofdestruction,themselvestheproductofscienceandtechnology.Inmyopinion,theproblemhastoalargeextentarisenfromtheunevenrateofadvanceinthedifferentareasofhumanactivities,inparticular,betweentheprogressinthenaturalsciences—whichincludethephysicalandbiologicaldisciplines,andthevarioussocialsciences—economics,sociology,politics(withpsychologyperhapsattheinterfacebetweenthetwomajorgroups).Undoubtedly,therehasbeenmuchfasterprogressinthenaturalsciencesthaninthesocialones.Whyhavethenaturalsciences,especiallythephysicalsciences,advancedsomuchfasterthanthesocialsciences?Itisnotbecausephysicistsarewiserorclevererthan,say,economists.Theexplanationissimplythatphysicsiseasiertomasterthaneconomics.Althoughthematerialworldisahighlycomplexsystem,forpracticalpurposesitcanbedescribedbyafewgenerallaws.Thelawsofphysicsareimmutable(不可改变的).Theyapplyeverywhere,onthisplanetaswellaseverywhereelseintheuniverse,andarenotaffectedbyhumanreactionsandemotions,asthesocialsciencesare.Howcanwetacklethisunevennessintherateofprogressofdifferent.areasofscience?Twowayscometomind:one,byacceleratingtherateofprogressinthesocialsciences;two,byslowingdowntherateofadvancementofthenaturalsciencesinsomeareas,forexample,bytheimpositionofethicalcodesofconduct.Clearly,theformerisbyfarthepreferableway.Whatwewouldliketoseeisfasterprogressinthesocialsciences,leadingtotheestablishmentofasocialsystemwhichwouldmakewarnotonlyunnecessarybutunthinkable;asysteminwhichtheexistenceofold,ortheinventionofnew,weaponsofmassdestruction,wouldnotmatter,becausenobodywoulddreamofusingthem;asysteminwhichpeoplewillbeabletosay:“nuclearweapons:whocares?”Responsibilityforone'sactionsis,ofcourse,abasicrequirementofeverycitizen,notjustofscientists.Eachofusmustbeaccountableforourdeeds.Buttheneedforsuchresponsibilityisparticularlyimperativeforscientists,ifonlybecausescientists3understandthetechnicalproblemsbetterthantheaveragecitizenorpolitician.Andknowledgebringsresponsibility.Inanycase,scientistsdonothaveacompletelyfreehand.Thegeneralpublic,t
本文标题:summary-writing(原文及范文)
链接地址:https://www.777doc.com/doc-7111660 .html