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上海交通大学硕士学位论文自由臂超声实时三维诊断与导航姓名:蒋旭雷申请学位级别:硕士专业:软件工程指导教师:顾力栩;徐安军20090301III自由臂超声实时三维诊断与导航摘要在过去的二十年间,传统的二维超声只能提供人体断面的二维图像,临床医生主要是凭借经验在脑中重构出人体器官的三维结构,同时二维图像的采取的方式不同,也使得所获得的诊断信息的不全面。这就在一定程度上影响了诊断的准确性和治疗的有效性。特别是在一些畸形或病变器官,二维图像的诊断显得欠缺。从传统的二维图像系统发展到三维图像系统,虽然技术上图像可以实现三维模化,可是图像三维化处理需要大量的时间,以及采用高端、新设备所需要的大量资金投入减慢了这个跃迁过程。与传统二维图像比三维超声成像有图像显示直观、准确定位病变器官等的优点,而成功的三维超声图像系统需要在很短的时间内将采集到的数据重构并保存,减少了病人的复诊率,并且可以帮助医生在同一个时间上从多个角度去检查一个病变部位。目前多使用的超声三维化的系统是在已有二维超声成像系统下采集三维重构的数据,如机械定位系统(专用一体化探头)、自由手系统(声传感器系统、多关节机械臂和电磁导航定位系统)、二维面阵探头(直接获得三维体的数据)。而后在第三方计算机上进行三维图像重构,插补。由于图像重构操作带来的巨大运算量,使得处理一定量数据得到三维重构模型耗费时间较长。为了实现实时快速的三维重构,选择合适的重构、插补算法就显得尤为重要,目前主要的三维重构算法主要有PNN(Pixelnearest-neighbor)、VNN(Voxelnearest-neighbor)、DW(Distance-Weighted)等算法,本文比较选择了Gobbi算法来实现三维重构。在比较过程中我们兼顾了图像的质量和重构计算的速度等因素。老年人颈动脉粥样硬化的发生率高,早期多发生与高血压、脑血管病、糖尿病患者,表现为动脉内膜增厚、粥样斑块形成、血栓及狭窄闭塞,这些危险因素为动脉的粥样硬化形成提供了病例基础。过去的超声技术的发展可以对颈动脉管壁的莫个截面进行分析,依靠多普勒超声对颈动脉血管的内-中层厚度,斑块形成及血管内血流动力学变化均能进行检测,可以对早起诊断颈动脉粥样硬化提供依据,可是对于血管壁的整体分析还存在遗漏,医学上会用血管内超声IVUS(Intravascularultrasound)的形式来对血管内部进行分析,这样的操作存在创伤性,所有的结果直观性差,都是以二维的模式来进行显示。现在通过三维的重构,可以重构出可测血管的各个截面信息,帮助医生及时对如颈动脉内膜增厚、颈动脉狭窄、颈内动脉周围病变等早诊断,早干预,早治疗,病人的IV预后会获得了良好的效果。当然除了血管方面的应用,三维重构超声还适用于各种自由臂可进行的临床检测,如肝脏等实质器官。在对各种算法获得的三维重构图像质量方面本文通过处理时间、信噪比、均方差、均方根误差和绝对平均误差的各种验证图像质量的指标的比较使用昀佳的重构方案。在昀后的实验阶段,我们通过对模拟的对象进行二维超声图像获得,同时进行三维重构,重构的不同平面的图像与实物进行比较,获得了很好的结果,显示出其在临床上的应用的价值。关键词实时,三维,自由臂,磁导航,颈动脉VREAL-TIMETHREEDIMENSIONDIAGNOSISANDNAVIGATIONFORCLINICALFREEHANDULTRASONDABSTRACTThetraditionaltwo-dimensionalultrasoundonlycanprovidetwo-dimensionalimagesofthebodysectionsoverthepasttwodecades.Physiciansmadeuseoftheirexperienceandthenreconstructedthree-dimensionalstructureofhumanorgansintheirbrain.meanwhile,differentmethodsoftakingtwo-dimensionalimagesalsocaneffectthediagnosticinformation.Makeitunprecise.Especiallyinsomedeformedandpathologicalorgans,two-dimensionalimageappearstolackofefficiency.Soinsomeextentitaffectedtheaccuracyofdiagnosisandefficiencyoftreatment.Fromthetraditionaltwo-dimensionalimagingsystempacedtoathree-dimensionalimagingsystem,Technically,theimageofthree-dimensionalmodelingcanbeachieved,butthree-dimensionalimagereconstructionrequiresalargeamountoftime,andtheuseofhigh-tech,newequipmentneededtoinvestalotofmoneywhichslowdownthetransitionprocess.Comparedwiththetraditionaltwo-dimensionalimage,thethree-dimensionalultrasoundimagehasmoremerits,likeintuitive,preciseandpositioningthelesions,andthesuccessofthree-dimensionalultrasoundimagingsystemneedsaveryshortperiodoftimetocollect,remodelandsavethedata,whichdecreasethepatientexaminationfrequency,andalsocanhelpdoctorstoexaminedthesamecasefromvariousanglesofalesionatthesametime.Atpresent,thethree-dimensionalultrasoundsystemisusetheexistingtwo-dimensionalultrasoundimagingtocollectdataforthree-dimensionalreconstructionusage,suchasmechanicalpositioningsystem(dedicatedintegrationprobe),freehandsystem(acousticsensorsystem,multi-jointmechanicalarmandelectromagneticnavigationandpositioningsystem),two-dimensionalarrayprobe(directaccesstothree-dimensionalbodyofdata).ThenVIinthethird-partyworkstation,theseimageswillbereconstructedandinterpolated.Imagereconstructionoperationswillneedenormouscomputingcapacity,makesacertainamountofdatatoprocessforthree-dimensionalreconstructionmodelspendalotoftime.Inordertoachieveafastreal-timethree-dimensionalreconstruction,chooseasuitablereconstruction,interpolationalgorithmisparticularlyimportant,currentlythekeythree-dimensionalreconstructionalgorithmsmainlyarePNN,VNN,DWandotheralgorithms,inthisproject,wecomparetochoosetheGobbialgorithmtoachievethethree-dimensionalreconstruction.Incomparingprocess,wetakeintoaccounttheimagequalityandspeedofreconstructionandotherfactors.CarotidatherosclerosishashighincidenceofdiseaseintheElder,whichoccurwithhighbloodpressure,cerebrovasculardisease,diabetes,manifestedasarterialintimalthickening,plaqueformation,thrombosisandstenosisocclusion,allofthesearetheriskfactorsforarteryatherosclerosis.Inthepastthedevelopmentofultrasonictechnologycananalysisseveralsidesofcarotidarterywallsections,andrelyontheDopplerofcarotidarteriesultrasound,in-mediathickness,plaqueformationandvascularhemodynamicchangescanbedetectedwhichcanearlydiagnosethecarotidatherosclerosis,butfortheoverallanalysisofthebloodvesselwalltherearestillshortcoming,clinically,wewilluseintravascularultrasound(IVUS)toanalysevascularinternalwall,thisoperationwillcausetraumaticissue,andalltheresultcanbedisplayedundertwo-dimension.Nowthroughthree-dimensionalreconstruction,wecanseethebloodvessels’varioussectionsofinformationtohelpdoctorsdiagnosedifferentdiseases,suchascarotidintimathickeningofcarotidartery,carotidarterydiseaseearlier.Moreearlydiagnose,intervention,andtreatment,morebetterthepatient'sprognosis.Ofcourse,inadditiontovascularapplications,three-dimensionalreconstructionofultrasoundisalsoapplicabletoavarietyoffree-handtoconductclinicaltesting,suchastheliverandotherorganinrealterms.I’mcomparingcomputingtime,SNR(signaltonoiseratio),MSE(meansquareerror),RMSE(rootmeansquareerror)andthe(meanabsoluteerror)MAEvariousau
本文标题:硕士论文-自由臂超声实时三维诊断与导航
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