国际音标整理文档

一、国际音标我国通用的国际音标有48个，元音音标20个，辅音音标28个。元音分类表单元音前元音/i://ɪ//e//æ/后元音/ɑ://ɒ//ɔ://ʊ//U:/中元音/ʌ//ɜ://ə/双元音/eɪ//əʊ//aɪ//aʊ//ɔɪ//ɪə//ɛə/辅音分类表辅音组爆破音/p//b//t//d//k//g/摩擦音//f//v//θ//ð//s//z//ʃ//ʒ//h//r/破擦音/tʃ//dʒ//tr//dr//ts//dz/鼻音/m//n//ŋ/舌边音/ǀ/半元音/w//j/发音器官图发音器官图：1.上唇Upperlip2.下唇Lowerlip3.上齿Upperteeth4.下齿Lowerteeth5.上齿龈Upperteethridge6.硬腭Hardpalate7.软腭Softpalate8.小舌theuvula9.舌端Thetipofthetongue10.舌前Thefrontofthetongue11.舌后Thebackofthetongue12.喉头throat13.声带thevocalcords14.器官organs15.咽头thepharynx16.口腔themouthcavity17.鼻腔thenasalcavity⑴/i:/发音时，舌尖轻抵下齿，前舌部向上颚抬起，口型扁而平，发音时间持续较长。例词：bemeatsheepsecretbelieve例句：Idon’tbelieveit.Hefeelsveryweak.⑵/ɪ/发音时，舌尖抵下齿，舌前部向硬腭抬起，口型扁平，发音时间短促。例词：itbigrichvisitloadedbusiness例句：It’saverybigcity.Ifeelabitdizzy.⑶/e/舌尖抵下齿，舌前部向硬腭抬起，口型扁平，气流从口腔泻出，发音时间短促。例词：fedbestthemweddingrefresh例句：Wellfed,wellbred.IwillneverforgetPetty.⑷/æ/舌尖抵下齿，舌前部稍抬，双唇开口度较大，并向两边平展，发音时间短促。例词：athaveflatstandSaturday例句：I’mgladtoknowthat.Hewasborninahappyfamily.⑸/ɑ:/舌身放低后缩，舌后部隆起，口型张大，口全开，身带震动，发音延续较长。例词：artfastMarchpartyadvance例句：Myfatherhasalargefarm.Pleaseparkyourcarinthecarpark.⑹/ɔ:/舌身尽量降低并收缩，舌后部抬起，双唇收圆收小，并稍向前凸，发音延续较长。例词：sawborncoursethoughtmorning例句：TheyaretalkingaboutFord.Idecidedtogoabroadaftergraduation.⑺/ɒ/舌身尽量降低并后缩，舌后部抬起，口型稍收圆，开口比长元音/ɔ:/大，但不向前突出，发音短促。例词：hotbosswantdoctorholiday例句：Who’sknockingatthedoor?Losttimeisneverfoundagain.⑻/U:/舌身后缩，舌后部尽量抬起，口型较小较圆更突出，发音延长。例词：doyoutoothchooseJune例句：Youmustfollowtheruleoftheschool.Whoseshoesarethese?⑼/ʊ/舌身后缩，舌后部抬起,口型收圆稍微突出，比/U:/的口型较放松，发音短促。例词：bookgoodputwoodpush例句：Thisbookisagoodcook-book.Letmehavealook.⑽/ʌ/舌身后缩至口腔中部，舌后部稍抬起，双唇较扁，开口较大，发音短促。例词：upbutdoesroughthunder例句：Theoldmanhasgotmuchmoney.Iwenttocinemajustforfun.⑾/ɜ:/舌位抬高，舌身放平，口型微张，双唇扁平，双唇肌肉较紧张，发音时间较长。例词：sirherthirdworthearly例句：CanIhelpyou,sir?Everybodydeservesgoodservices.⑿/ə/舌身放平,舌中部稍抬起，口型微开，双唇扁平，双唇肌肉较放松，/ə/在词首或词中发的较模糊，在词尾时应当适当延长。例词：aboutagainteacherwriterpaper例句：Weranalongtheriver.Sheisafamousprofessor.双元音⒀/eɪ/发音由/e/向/ɪ/自然滑动，滑动过程中口型由半开到半合，舌位随之抬高。例词：eightdayfacegatefaithful例句：It’spaydaytoday.Betterlatethannever.⒁/əʊ/发音由/ə/向/ʊ/自然滑动，滑动过程中口型由半开到小而圆，舌位由半低到高。例词：oldsoshownoteclose例句：It’ssocold.Pleaseclosethewindow.⒂/aɪ/发音时由/ɑ:/向/ɪ/自然滑动，滑动过程中口型由开到合。例词：eyetierideknifearrive例句：Thekiteisflyinginthesky.Pricesareveryhighthesedays.⒃/aʊ/发音时由/ɑ:/向/ʊ/自然滑动，滑动过程中双唇收拢收圆，口型由大到小，舌位由低到高。例词：outhowaboutcloudmountain例句：Icouldn’thelpshoutingout.Themilkbecamesour.⒄/ɔɪ/发音时由/ɒ/由/ɪ/自然滑动，但不到/ɪ/时舌位就停止，滑动过程中双唇逐渐由圆变扁，口型由大变小。例词：boyjoyjoinenjoyspoil例句：Helikesmakingnoiseintheclass.Theboyisspoiltbyhisparents.⒅/ɪə/发音时由/ɪ/向/ə/自然滑动，滑动过程中/ɪ/发音较清楚，/ə/发音较模糊，双唇始终半开。例词：earfearhereclearvarious例句：I’mlivingnearhere.Studentsbecameallearswhentheirprofessorwasteaching.⒆/ɛə/第一个成分/æ/开口比/e/大，由/æ/向/ə/自然滑动，滑动过程中开口程度稍稍收小。例词：aircarehairshareparent例句：Theirparentsstoodoverthere.Werushedthereinatearinghurry.⒇/ʊə/发音时由/ʊ/向/ə/自然滑动，滑动过程中口型由收圆变为半开。例词：poortoursureruralcruel例句：Thepoorguywasnotsurewhattodo.Thetouristsareunhappywiththeirtour.辅音⑴/p/与/b/双唇紧闭，气流突然冲开双唇，冲出口腔，/p/为清辅音，声带不振动，/b/为浊辅音，声带振动。例词：pitpayproperopenhappybitbluebabybikebribe例句：Chongqingisfamousforitshotpot.Bettywalkedinabusystreet.⑵/t/与/d/舌尖紧抵上齿龈，形成阻碍，然后突然分开，气流冲出口腔，/t/为清辅音，声带不振动;/d/为浊辅音，声带振动。例词：tootaketouchrighttightdodirtcardtiredsudden例句：Don’ttellmyteacher,Tom.DavidtoldmethatDoctorLiwouldbehistutorthisyear.⑶/k/与/g/舌后部抬起紧贴软腭，形成阻碍，气流冲去阻碍后冲出口腔，/k/为清辅音，声带不振动;/g/为浊辅音，声带振动。例词：kickbooklikedockoccasiongategeteggghostguide例句：Thebookteachesushowtocook.Allthatglittersisnotgold.⑷/f/与/v/下唇轻触上齿，气流由唇齿间缝隙通过，摩擦成音。/f/为清辅音，声带不振动;/v/为浊辅音，声带振动。例词：flyfarwifeofflaughveryvillageliveoversave例句：Therearefifteengirlsinmyclass.I’mlivinginaflatbytheriver.⑸/θ/与/ð/舌尖轻触上齿背部，气流从舌齿间的缝隙送出，/θ/为清辅音，声带不振动;/ð/为浊辅音，声带振动。例词：thankthinkthiefmouthteeththisthosethenthatsmooth例句：Youshouldthinkofit.Thisbookisbetterthanthat.⑹/s/与/z/舌端靠近上齿龈，气流从舌端和齿龈通过，形成摩擦音。/s/为清辅音，声带不振动;/z/为浊辅音，声带振动。例词：sosirpencilpiecedresszoozonezerouseeraser例句：Didyouseethesnakeinthegrass?Pleaseclosethewindow.⑺/ʃ/与/ʒ/舌身抬起，靠近硬腭，舌端抬向上齿龈，形成狭长的通道，气流由此通过。双唇稍微收拢并略突出。/ʃ/为清辅音，声带不振动;/ʒ/为浊辅音，声带振动。例词：shesheepwishsurespecialpleasuregaragedecisionvisiondivision例句：Sheisashygirl.Whatdoyouusuallydoinyourleisuretime?⑻/h/发音时口张大，在通过声门时发出轻微的摩擦，气流通过口腔时不受阻碍。/h/为清辅音，声带不振动。例词：heherhowwhoahead例句：Howareyou?Hedoesn’thaveanyhope.⑼/r/舌尖卷起，抬向上齿龈后部，但不发生摩擦，舌两侧稍收拢，口型略突出气流通过是发出轻微的摩擦。/r/为浊辅音，声带振动。例词：rightruncrybreadprimary例句：Thoseredrosesareverypretty.⑽/tʃ/与/dʒ/舌尖舌端抬高，贴住上齿龈后部，形成阻碍。气流冲出阻碍摩擦成音，口型略突出，稍微成方形。例词：childcheckreachteachcatchjobpageJunejustjudge例句：ChildrenalwayslikechickenandFrenchfries.Justhavefun!⑾/tr/与/dr/舌身与/r/相似，舌尖向上卷起，并抵住上齿龈后部，气流冲出舌尖和齿龈之间的阻碍，双唇收拢稍向前突出。/tr/为清辅音，声带不振动;/dr/为浊辅音，声带振动。例词：trytreetricktruetrackdrydreamdreaddropdrive例句：Youshouldhaveanothertry.Letitdripdry.⑿/ts/与/dz/舌端贴住上齿龈形成阻碍，气流冲破阻碍，口型扁平。/ts/为清辅音，声带不振动;/dz/为浊辅音，声带振动。例词：petscoatsgetstestspointsroadsaidsreadsseedslands例句：Shewantstobuysomedates.Willyourfriendsjoinus?⒀/m/双唇紧闭，软腭下垂，气流从鼻腔送出，在词尾时略需延长，以防止吞音。例词：memycomefarmtomorrow例句：Heisahandsomeboy.⒁/n/舌尖紧贴上齿龈，软腭下垂，形成阻碍，气流从鼻腔送出，在词尾时略需延长，以防止吞音。例词：neednameknowskinstrange例句：Thisisanicetune.⒂/ŋ/软腭下垂，舌后部向软腭抬起，堵住口腔通道，气流从鼻腔送出，词末时发音清晰有力，稍微延长。例词：bank