第一讲英国文艺复兴时期诗歌赏析

TheRenaissance：Marlowe,Shakespeare英国文艺复兴时期诗人：马洛与莎士比亚TheRenaissanceBeginsinItalyTheRenaissancebeginsinItalyTheRenaissancebeginsinItalyandspreadsnorthtotherestofEurope.ItalywasthecenteroftradebetweennorthernEuropeandAfrica.ItwasthecenterofGreco-Romanculture.ItwasthecenteroftheCatholicChurch.TheRenaissancerunsbetween1300and1650.DuringtheMiddleAgesmanhadlivedenvelopedinacowl.Hehadnotseenthebeautyoftheworld,orhadseenitonlytocrosshimself,andturnasideandtellhisbeadsandpray.Beautyisasnare,pleasureasin,theworldafleetingshow,manfallenandlost,deaththeonlycertainty,judgmentinevitable,helleverlasting,heavenhardtowin,ignoranceisacceptabletoGodasaproofoffaithandsubmission--thesewerethefixedideasoftheasceticmediaevalChurch.TheRenaissanceshatteredanddestroyedtheoldideas,rendingthethickveilwhichtheyhaddrawnbetweenthemindofmanandtheouterworld,andflashingthelightofrealityuponthedarkenedplacesofhisownnature.ForthemysticteachingoftheChurchwassubstitutedcultureintheclassicalhumanities;anewidealwasestablished,wherebymanstrovetomakehimselfthemonarchoftheglobeonwhichitishisprivilegeaswellasdestinytolive.TheRenaissancewastheliberationofhumanityfromadungeon,thedoublediscoveryoftheouterandtheinnerworld.TheBeginningThetermRenaissancemeans“rebirth”inLatin.Itwastherebirthofartandlearning.ItwasinfluencedbyverypowerfulfamiliessuchastheMedicifamily.TheMedici’swerebankersoutofFlorence.Thefamiliesgavesupporttovariousartists.CharacteristicsofRenaissanceHumanismIndividualismQuestioningAttitudeInterestinSecular,ornon-religiousworldlymatters.Riseofthemiddleclass(Disposableincome)Greatachievementsinthearts.HumanismHumanismistheideathatisfocusedonhumanachievementsandpotentialratherthanreligiousthemes.Focusedonthemanandhisworld.Concentratedoneverydayhumanproblemsandrelationships.Humanistsfocusonpleasureratherthanmorality.HumanismThesecularnatureofhumanism,aswellasitsquestioningattitude,oftenbroughtitintoconflictwiththetraditionalteachingsoftheCatholicChurchandMedievalthinking.《最后的晚餐》（意大利）达·芬奇画1495-1497年米兰圣玛利亚·格拉契修道院藏文艺复兴美术三杰《蒙娜丽莎》意大利达·芬奇画木板油画77×53厘米1503-1505年巴黎卢浮尔宫博物馆藏自画像《西斯廷教堂天顶画》局部壁画36·54×13·14米米开朗期罗（意大利）梵帝冈西斯廷教堂藏（1475-1564年）西斯庭教堂内景《椅中圣母》（油画）（意大利）拉斐尔（1514-1516年）选自’sPoet(1552-1599)Spenser’sotherworksAmoretti,Epithalamion,TheShepherd’sCalendarSpenserQuotes“Itisthemindthatmakethgoodorill,thatmakethwretchorhappy,richorpoor.”“Sleepaftertoil,portafterstormyseas,Easeafterwar,deathafterlifedoesgreatlyplease.”“Truelovesareoftensown,butseldomgrowonground.”“Thepoets'scrollswilloutlivethemonumentsofstone.Geniussurvives;allelseisclaimedbydeath.”TheFaerieQueeneTheFaerieQueeneLargelysymbolic,thepoemfollowsseveralknightsintheiradventurestotesttheirvirtues:Holiness,Temperance,Chastity,Friendship,Justice,Courtesy.Dominatingthoughts:nationalism,humanism,andpuritanism.WritingfeatureofthepoemTheFaerieQueene”waswritteninaspecialverseformcalled:SpenserianStanza(斯宾塞诗节)。Eachstanzahas9lines,eachofthefirsteightlinesisiniambicpentameterform抑扬格五音步,andtheninthlineisaniambichexameterline长短格六步格诗.Therhythmschemeisababbcbcc.Canto1(Excerpt)AGentleKnightwasprickingontheplaine,Ycladdinmightiearmesandsilvershielde,Whereinolddintsofdeepewoundsdidremaine,Thecurellmarkesofmanyabloudyfielde;Yetarmestillthattimedidheneverwield:Hisangrysteededidchidehisfomingbitt,Asmuchdisdayningtothecurbetoyield:Fulljollyknightheseemd,andfairedidsitt,Asoneforknightlygiustsandfierceencountersfitt仙后(第一卷,节选）高贵的骑士在平原上策马驰骋，挎著锋利的刀枪和银光闪烁的盾牌，盾上深深的刀痕是历史的见证，永不让人忘记多次浴血沙场的残酷历程；但骑士却是第一次披甲挂帅。他的烈马愤怒地责怪著韁绳，像是说决不屈从於羁绊的窒碍。快乐的骑士在马上英姿飒爽，善於比武，也能在战场与敌人激烈交锋。TheFaerieQueene格律分析AGen│tleKnight│wasprick│ingon│theplaine,│AYcladd│in│might│tiearmes│andsil│vershielde,│BWherein│olddints│ofdeepe│woundsdid│remaine,│AThecurell│markesof│many│abloud│yfielde;│BYetarmes│tillthat│timedid│henev│erwield:│BHisan│grysteede│didchide│hisfo│mingbitt,│CAsmuch│disday│ningto│thecurbe│toyield:│BFulljol│lyknight│heseemd,│andfaire│didsitt,│CAsone│forknight│lygiusts│andfierce│encoun│tersfitt.│CThomasWyatt;HenryHoward,EarlofSurrey(P.39)SonnetwasintroducedintoEnglandbyWyattandSurrey;SurreywrotethefirstEnglishblankverse.ForgetNotYet别忘了TheLoverBeseechethhisMistressnotto恋人祈求薄情女ForgethisSteadfastFaithandTrueIntent别忘了他的真情实意ThomasWyatt托马斯怀亚特Forgetnotyettriedentent别忘了我曾对你OfsuchatruthasIhavemeant;怀有真情，忠贞不渝Mygreattravailsogladlyspent,苦苦追求，乐此不疲，Forgetnotyet!别忘了！Forgetnotyetwhenfirstbegan别忘了咱俩结识Thewearylifeyeknow,sincewhan在浮生厌倦之际；Thesuit,theservice,nonetellcan;从此迷恋你，殷勤无比，Forgetnotyet!别忘了！Forgetnotyetthegreatassays,别忘了我百般尝试Thecruelwrong,thescornfulways,你却冷酷而鄙夷，Thepainfulpatienceindelays,一味拖延，我则忍耐到底，Forgetnotyet!别忘了！Forgetnot,yetforgetnotthis别忘了，别忘了一点——Howlongagohathveen,andis,我早已和你缢绻Themindthatnevermeantamiss如今痴心依然——Forgetnotyet!别忘了！Forgetnotthenthineownapproved,别忘了你曾默认Thewhichsolonghaththeesoloved,久久苦恋你的人Whosesteadfastfaithyetnevermoved信誓旦旦不变心——Forgetnotthis!别忘了！（孙梁译）PhilipSidney(1554-1586)Sidney’sADefenseforPoetry(1595)isoneoftheearliestEnglishliteraryessaysandpoeticcritic