修辞与翻译

文法、逻辑、修辞与翻译文法决定译文“通不通”的问题；逻辑决定译文“对不对”的问题；修辞决定译文“好不好”的问题。文法与翻译打好语言基础，狠抓基本功的训练。ThesentencefragmentAgrammaticallycompletesentencehasaverbwithitssubject.Structurallyitmustbeanindependentunit,capableofstandingalone.Nowthismeanssimplythatdependentunitssuchasphrases,clauses,appositivesandothersuchgroupsofwords,arenotsentencesandshouldnotbewrittenassentences.Whenanyoneofthesedependentunitsiswrittenandpunctuatedasasentenceitiscalledasentencefragment.Example1:Becausewecouldseetheobvioussignsofdestructioncausedbythebombhereandthere,whichmaintainedthememoryinpeople’smindandletthemiseryandsadnesseverlasting.改正：去掉句首的Because或者小写because并在该词前加逗号，跟上句连起来。Example2:Thebasketballgamewascancelled.Becausehalfoftheplayerswereinbedwiththeflu.改正：Thebasketballgamewascancelledbecausehalfoftheplayerswereinbedwiththeflu.Example3:Lookingouttowardthehorizon,shesawonlytheoldcabininwhichMaryhadbeenborn.Asinglecottonwoodthathadescapedthedrought.Theapparentlyboundlessexpanseofsunburnedprairie.改正：改标点符号Example4:Withtheknowledgethat,althoughthedocumentshavebeenstolen,theyhavenotyetbeenseenbyaforeignagent.改正：Weknewthat…Example5:Shecanquilt,rememberthefamilytreesoclearly,andneverrejectstheirownculture.Whereas,Dee,oncerefusedthequiltsandnevertookherfriendshome.Therun-onsentenceArun-onsentenceorafusedsentenceputtogethertwoormoresentenceswithnomarkofpunctuationbetweenthem.Whentwocompletesentencesruntogetherwithonlyacommabetweenthem,itiscalledacommasplice.Example1:InHiroshima,peopledon’twanttomentiontheverything,suchas,youwillhaveapaininascarthathasn’thealedcompletely,ifsomeonetouchit.改正：Example2:Kimonosandminiskirtsmixedinthiscity,andthetraditionalJapanesehouseandmodernskyscrapersalsoco-existinthiscity,theyshowthatHiroshimaisthrivinganddevelopingrapidlyExample3:However,sheislackofeducation,sheislackofconfidence,sherepresentsthebottomclasspeopleinthesociety.Example4:Sheislackofeducationandrefinement,however,thosedoesnotpreventherfromhavinganinherentunderstandingofheritagebasedonherloveandrespectforthosewhocamebeforeher.Example5:Thesesnakesaredangeroushowever,mostsnakesarequiteharmless.改正：Example6:Thepollutionbecamestrategicandstartedtoaffectourhumanliving,nowwehavetofacetheconsequences.后置、前置、倒装“主语+谓语”词序：wordorder英语的“正常词序”(normalorder)或“自然词序”(naturalorder)除状语位置比较机动外，主语、谓语动词、宾语和补语的位置都是相对固定的。这种词序的相对固定性转而又使某种打破常规改变词序的做法成为一种表示强调的手段。后置Postponement句尾焦点(endfocus)句尾重心(endweight)MrSmithisafriendofmyfather’s.Hesmokes.Hesmokescigarettes.Herested.Hetookarest.Themanshouted.Themangaveashout.Sheworkslittle.Shedoeslittlework.Theypushedthecar.Theygavethecarapush.Ikickedthedoor.Igavethedoorakick.Ivisitedher.Igaveheravisit.Hereadsmanybooks.Hedoesalotofreading.关键词语的后置也由于句尾焦点和句尾重心的关系，人们在组词成句时往往要将说话人认为最重要的内容置于句尾，使之处于突出的地位。这种语法手段叫做“后置”(postponement)Examples:Hegavemeabook.(Whatdidhegiveyou?)Hegaveabooktome.(Whodidhegiveabookto?)Example2:合并下面两句话：Thecross-examinationwasexpertlyhandled.Itlastedonlyhalfanhour.Howlongdidthecross-examinationlast?Thecross-examination,whichwasexpertlyhandled,lastedonlyhalfanhour.Expertlyhandled,thecross-examinationlastedonlyhalfanhour.Theexpertlyhandledcross-examinationlastedonlyhalfanhour.Thecross-examination,inexperthands,lastedonlyhalfanhour.Thecross-examination,anexpertlyhandledaffair,lastedonlyhalfanhour.Howwasthecross-examinationhandled?Thecross-examination,whichlastedonlyhalfanhour,wasexpertlyhandled.Thecross-examination,lastingonlyhalfanhour,wasexpertlyhandled.Thehalf-hourcross-examinationwasexpertlyhandled.Thecross-examination,ahalf-houraffair,wasexpertlyhandled.前置与倒装把在正常词序下通常较晚出现的成分移至句首，使之处于突出的位置，从而受到特殊强调。这种语法手段叫做前置(fronting).使用前置手段表示强调。有时不必改变词序，有时则引起倒装(inversion).1)不引起倒装的前置不引起倒装的前置成分通常是宾语、主语补语和宾语补语，如：Ahorriblemessyou’vemadeofit.Books,hehadtreasuredfromtheearliestperiodofhislife.Verystrangeitseemed.Keenerandkeenerthecompetitionbecame.AscandalIcallit.Iknewyouwerecareless,butdishonestIneverthoughtyou.作用一：使上下文衔接紧密MrWhitefriedtwosmallpiecesoffish.Oneofthesehefedtohiscat.Theotherheatehimself.Wereallyshouldnotresentbeingcalledpaupers.Paupersweare,andpaupersweshallremain.作用二：为了意义的对比和结构的对称Joanhegavenothing,butGeorgehegame10shillings.FoolJoemaybe,butthiefheisnot.Tactlessshemaybe,butungratefulyoushouldnotthinkher.引起倒装的前置当主语补足语前置时，如果主语较长或主语结构比较复杂，这种主语补语的前置就会引起倒装。如：MoreseriouswasthequestionofhowthePresidentwouldpresentthejointannouncement.Happyindeedarethosewhoreceivemarvelousnewsafteralongsilence.“nota+名词”或“notasingle+名词”Ihadaterribletimeplayingroulette（轮盘赌）atthecasino.NotawinnernumberdidIhaveallnight.IlostafortuneatRoyalAscot（皇家赛马会）.NotasinglewinnerdidIbackthewholemeeting.全部倒装和局部倒装全部倒装(fullinversion):整个谓语置于主语之前局部倒装(partialinversion)：操作词置于主语之前。a)当句首状语位方位词或拟声词，位谓语动词为等表示位置转移的动作动词时，统称全部倒装。Therewasasuddengustofwindandawaywenthishat.Thedoorburstopenandinrushedthecrowd.Bang!Bang!Bang!CamethreereportsoffirecrackersandPhilipsuddenlyfelthisbodybecomelight.当句首状语为表示地点的介词词组时，也会引起全部倒装。Inthischapterwillbefoundapartialanswer.Fromthevalleycameatinklingsound,asoothingmoo,thelullofalienvoices.当句首状语为否定词或带有否定意义的词语时，一般引起局部倒装NeverhaveIfoundhiminsuchagoodmood.Notforoneminute