中医英语翻译理论与实践

主讲人：中医英语翻译理论与实践一点常识《礼记·王制》“中国，夷、蛮、戎、狄……五方之民，言语不通，嗜欲不同。达其志，通其欲，东方曰寄，南方曰象，西方曰狄鞮，北方曰译。”严子《译例言》译事三难信达雅。求其信已大难矣。顾信矣不达。虽译犹不译也。支谦《法句经序》仆初嫌其辞不雅。维祗难曰：“佛言依其义不用饰，取其法不以严。其传经者，当令易晓，勿失厥义，是则为善。”座中咸曰：“老氏称‘美言不信，信言不美。’仲尼亦云：‘书不尽言，言不尽意。’明圣人意深邃无极。今传胡义，实宜径达。”是以自偈受译人口，因循本旨，不加文饰。译业与译才咸宁万国第一Bringingpeacetoallthecountriesintheworld黄帝升坐紫微宫，岐伯、雷公各侍左右。HuangdiwassittinginthepalaceintheHeaven.QiboandLeigong,hisseniorministers,werestandingoneithersideinattendance.黄帝曰：“惜时与卿等谈医论药，旨在救天下万民于忧患，非为吾华夏一族所计。朕观日月交辉，忧人世多艰。愿昔时所厘之医道广播四海，咸宁万国。”Huangdisaid:“Ihaveestablishedthissystemofmedicineforpeopleallovertheworld,notjustfortheChinesenation.Ihopethatitcanbedisseminatedandpracticedovertheworld.”岐伯曰：“陛下所立之医道乃兴国生民之大法。故当传于四方，惠及愚智贤不肖。Qibosaid:“ThemedicinethatYourMajestyhaveestablishedisindispensabletothelifeofthepeople.Soitshouldbedisseminatedtoallthewholeworldandserveforpeoplesfromdifferentcountries.自《黄帝内经》问世，华夏医道于汉唐之际东传高丽、扶桑，南播交趾诸岛，北及朔方之域，西入吐蕃高原，于各族各部之繁荣昌盛，善莫大焉。”SincethepublicationofHuangdiNeijing,ChinesemedicinewasspreadtoKorea,Japan,VietNamandnorthernareasofChina.Ithasmadegreatcontributionstotheprosperityanddevelopmentofthesecountries.”黄帝曰：“四异之邦与吾华夏言语不通，嗜欲不同。华夏医道，何以传之于彼？”Huangdisaid:“ThelanguagesspokeninthesecountriesandareasaredifferentfromtheChineselanguage.HowwastheChinesemedicinedisseminatedtotheseplaces?”岐伯对曰：“诸四异之邦文在初创，医道未立。故遣其聪慧之士远涉千山，前来中土，潜习华文，精修医术。Qiboanswered:“Atthattimemedicineandwrittenlanguageinthesecountriesandareaswerenotestablishedyet.ThesecountriessentstudentsandscholarstoChinatostudyChineselanguageandmedicinethroughChinesemedia.及谙熟之，并携医经药典还国，以华文传于其地。故今之日文多杂以华字。朝韩越国，旧亦书华文行儒学。”Afterreturningtheircountries,theypracticedandtaughtChinesemedicinethroughthemediaofChinesecharacters.ThatiswhytodayChinesecharactersstillcanbefoundinJapanesewrittenlanguage.”黄帝曰：“吐蕃、西域及朔方之大部今属中国之地；高丽、扶桑、交趾皆为儒学昌盛之邦。华夏医道传之其地当无山隔水断之忧。Huangdisaid:“Korea,JapanandVietNamareallthecountrieswithinthecircleofConfuciancivilization.ThedisseminationofChinesemedicineinthesecountriesiscertainlynotverydifficult.朕所虑者，乃泰西之国。其国与华夏远涉重洋，言语迥异。华夏之医，如何传之于彼？”WhatIamalwaysworryingaboutisthecountriesintheWest.TheWesterncountriesarequitedifferentfromChinainlanguageandcustoms.WhatshallwedotodisseminateChinesemedicinetothesecountries?”岐伯曰：“古人云：名物不同，传实不易。欲使泰西之人晓谕华夏医术，须经翻译之径。然泰西之语与华夏之文契合者少，遂使翻译辞不达义，谬误广布。”Qiboanswered:“ItistruethattheWesternlanguagesaretotallydifferentfromtheChineselanguage.ThatiswhytherearemanyerrorsinthecurrenttranslationofChinesemedicineintotheWesternlanguages.”黄帝曰：“医者，性命攸关之术。岂可恣意妄为？差之毫厘，谬之千里。反左为右，生即为杀。然泰西之语与吾华夏之文泾渭两色，如之奈何？”Huangdisaid:“Medicineiscloselyrelatedtothelifeofthepeople.Onesmallmistakemayleadtoagreatdisaster.ButtheWesternlanguagesaresodifferentfromtheChineselanguage.HowtotranslateChinesemedicineintoWesternlanguagesthen?”岐伯对曰：“必得精于华夏医术、谙于泰西言语之士潜心较之、辨之，方可厘定传译之序，通达医道之旨，消讹除误，交通东西。”黄帝问曰：“此等贤士，何处可得？”Qiboanswered:“ItcanonlybedonebythosewhohaveagoodcommandofbothWesternlanguagesandChinesemedicine.”Huangdiasked:“Wherecanwefindsucheruditescholarstoundertakesuchadifficulttask?”岐伯对曰：“华夏之国，今恰政通人和，重教兴学。此等贤才，当可访寻。陛下即可遣一天官到下界走访一番，若遇此等贤才，即诏命其精研译道，传译华夏医药于泰西诸国。”Qiboanswered:“Chinanowisstableandpeaceful.Thegovernmentpaysmuchattentiontoeducation.Qualifiedtranslatorscancertainlybefoundinthiscountrywithsuchagreatancientcivilization.YourMajestymaysendanofficialfromtheHeaventotheworldofmantolookforsuchqualifiedtranslators.”黄帝曰：“卿言极是。雷公何在？”雷公拜曰：“臣谨听圣训。”Huangdisaid:“Goodsuggestion!Where’sLeigong?”Leigongkowtowedandanswered:“IamreadytofollowYourMajesty’sedict.”黄帝曰：“今差汝速往下界，遍访华夏古国，悉求精通医术、熟谙西语之贤士。Huangdisaid:“I’llsendyoutotheworldofmantolookforqualifiedtranslatorswhohaveagoodcommandofbothChinesemedicineandWesternlanguages.诏命其精研译道，传译华医于泰西，以使万国咸宁，天下安康。雷公稽首再拜曰：“谨遵圣意。”Whenyouhavefoundsucheruditescholars,askthemtocarefullystudythemethodsoftranslationandtranslateChinesemedicineintoWesternlanguages.”Leigongkowtowedagainandsaid:“IwillactincompliancewithYourMajesty’sinstructions.”中医英语翻译原则与方法中医英译基本特点1.仿造化所谓仿造，指的是在翻译原语的无等值词汇时用译语中的直接对应词代换无等值词汇的组成部分，即词素或词。例如：liverblood（肝血）、blooddeficiency（血虚）、activatingbloodtoresolvestasis（活血化瘀）等等。英语中有liver,blood,deficiency这些单词，但却没有liverblood,blooddeficiency这样的概念。仿造翻译就是借用英语中已有的相关单词来表达中医特有的概念。亦即通过对英语已有单词的重新排列组合向英语语言输入中医特有的概念和表达法。2.定义化辨证论治：diagnosisandtreatmentbasedontheoverallanalysisofsymptomsandsigns“辨证论治”目前已基本简洁为treatmentbasedonsyndromedifferentiation或syndromedifferentiationandtreatment从翻译的角度来看，这个术语中的“辨”、“证”和“治”是“关键字”，现一般通译为differentiation,syndrome和treatment。只要这三个“关键字”翻译一致且整个术语的结构比较简洁，即基本达到了术语翻译的要求。3.多样化例如，“虚”指脏腑的“虚”时可用asthenia，如”脾虚”可译为astheniaofthespleen，若译为deficiencyofthespleen，则有可能被误认为脾脏有实质性的缺损。纯指功能的虚弱，也可以用hypofunction来表示。表示“体虚”这一概念时，也可用weakness或debility来表达.4.拼音化由于中西方文化及中西医之间的巨大差异，中医理论中特有的一些概念在英语中很难找到对应语。如“气”、“阴阳”、“气功”、“推拿”等等。这些概念具有典型的中国文化特色，无论直译还是意译都无法准确地再现原文的内涵。从目前国内外的实践来看，采用音译法翻译中医上某些特有概念是比较可行的。事实上，这种方法已逐步为中医翻译界所普遍采用，也为国外读者所接受。中医英语翻译的难点1.对应语的缺乏五行fiveelements;fivephases三焦threewarmers;threeburners;threeheaters;tripleenergizer经脉meridian;channel;conduit五脏fivesolidorgans;fivezang-organs;fivezang-viscera六腑sixholloworgans;s