应用语言学-Interpersonal-Function

InterpersonalfunctionInterpersonalFunction•Weuselanguageto:•interactwithotherpeople;•toestablishandmaintainrelationships;•toinfluencebehaviour;•toexpressourownpointofview;•toelicitorchangethepointofviewofothers.Interpersonalfunctionhasitsownsystemofmeanings:FourbasicspeechrolesasidentifiedbyHallidayandMatthiessen(2004:108):•givinginformationstatement•demandinginformationquestion•givinggoodsandservicesoffer•demandinggoodsandservicescommandFunctionsassociatedwithparticulargrammaticalstructures:•Statementsbydeclarativeclauses•Questionsbyinterrogativeclauses•Commandsbyimperativeclauses•Offersoddoneout;notassociatedwithaspecificmoodchoice.InterpersonalFunctionlookedatintermsof:•Mood•ModalityMood•Howclausesarestructured:SubjectandFinite.•e.g;They’veallgone.•Theysubject,haveistheauxiliaryverb:infunctionalgrammar,thisiscalledthefinite.•Mood=Subject+FiniteFinite–thefirstfunctionalelementoftheverbalgroup:•Didyouseehimthatday?•Didn’thecomehomelastnight?•Youcanimaginehisreaction•Whatwereyoudoing?•Someonemayhaveheardtheshot.Subject+Finitealsocalledthemoodblock:orderandpresenceofthesubjectandfinitedeterminewhetherornotthemoodoftheclauseis:•declarative(realizingastatement)•interrogative(realizingaquestion)•imperative(realizingacommand)Moodblock=subject+finite:therestoftheclauseiscalledtheresidue.Moodblockcanbeeithersideofthesubject+finite.•i.Declarative:subject^finite:TomandNicoleweredrinkingredwinewiththeirmeal•iiYes/NoInterrogative:finite^subject:WereTomandNicoledrinkingredwinewiththeirmeal?•IiiWH-Interrogative:wherethequestionword(who,what,which)isthesubject:subject^finite:Whohastakenallthewine?•Imperative:nosubjectorfinite,residueonly:Drinkredwinewithyourmeal•StructureoftheResidue:•Predicator•Predicatorcontainsthelexicalelement/softheverbalgroup(ie,nottheFinitegroup.Itspecifieswhat’sgoingon.ThatbottleofwineshouldSubjectFiniteMoodblockbechilledforafewhoursPredicatorResidueThatbottleofwineshouldSubjectFiniteMoodblockbechilledforafewhoursPredicatorResidueSometimes,Finiteisfusedwiththepredicator:e.g,smoked,drank,threwGeraldthrewSubjectFinite/PredicatorMoodblockhiscigarettesintothetrashResidueComplementAComplementistypicallyaparticipantintheclause.(anelementwithintheResiduethathasthepotentialofbeingsubjectbutisnot…Itistypicallyrealizedbyanominalgroup.)GeraldthrewSubjectFinite/PredicatorMoodBlockhiscigarettesintothetrashComplementResidueAdjunctAnotherpotentialconstituentoftheclauseisanadjunct:istypicallyrealizedbyanadverbialgrouporaprepositionalphraseGeraldthrewSubjectFinite/PredicatorMoodBlockhiscigarettesintothetrashComplementAdjunctResidueModalityModalityreferstohowspeakersandwriterstakeupaposition,expressanopinion,pointofviewormakeajudgment.Inordertodothis,make‘adjustments’withinthemoodblock:strong,weakormiddleground.NeedleexchangeprogrammescouldbegovernmentsponsoredNeedleexchangeprogrammesmustbegovernmentsponsoredmodalitymodalizationmodulationModalisation:relatestothespeaker’sjudgmentofthevalidityoftheproposition,andcoversthescaleofintermsofprobability(possible-probable-certain)andusuality(sometimes-usually-always).Modulation:relatestohowconfidentthespeakercanbeintheeventualsuccessoftheexchange,anditincludesthedegreeofobligation(allowed-supposed-required)andtheinclination(willing-keen-determined).•High:must,need,haveto•Median:should,would,will•Low:May,might,could