中国的独生子女政策-One-child-policy-in-China

ExploringChina’s“One-ChildPolicy”—--Past,PresentandFutureRUIWUMINVISITINGSCHOLARFROMOCEANUNIVERSITYOFCHINACHINA’SPOPULATION•StateCensusdata(2010):•Totalpopulation:1.370536875billion•Hannationality:91.51%;others8.49%---male51.27%:female48.73%105.20:100•Annualincrease:12million(downfrompeak23millionin1980s)POPULATIONDENSITYOFCHINA&USAInearly1950’speoplewereencouragedtohavemorechildren(afterWWII&civilwar；learnedfromSovietUnion)formilitarystrengthagriculturalproductionFarming...Soldiering...“BEARASMANYCHILDRENASPOSSIBLE…TOMAKECHINASTRONGER.”--MAOZEDONG“ThehappylifeChairmanMaogaveus.”1954Thisledtooverpopulation:In1949----475millionIn1953-----over600millionIn1970—830millionAveragebirthnumberforPercouple:5childrenFAMILYPLANNING:“LATER,SPACED,ANDFEWER…”“Practicefamilyplanningfortherevolution.”1972“Delivermedicine(contraceptives)tothedoorstep,doagoodjobinbirthcontrolwork.”1974DengXiaopingtookpowerin1978:•NewpoliciesfocusedonstrengtheningChina'seconomy•OverpopulationasblocktoeconomicdevelopmentIn1979,ChinaintroducedtheONECHILDPOLICY.goal:populationcontainedwithin1.2billionby2000.TRADITIONALCHINESECONCEPTOFFERTILITY1.多子多福MORECHILDREN,MOREHAPPINESS2.传宗接代CONTINUETHEFAMILYLINE3.养儿防老BRINGINGUPSONSTOSUPPORTPARENTSINTHEIROLDAGEBASICSTATEPOLICY•In1982,FamilyplanningpolicywasincorporatedintoChina’sConstitutionRequiringover90%Hancouplestohaveonechildonly•In2002:POPULATIONandFAMILYPLANNINGLAW•Article18:TheStatemaintainsitscurrentpolicyforreproduction,encouraginglatemarriageandchildbearingandadvocatingonechildpercouple.•Article41:CitizenswhogivebirthtobabiesnotincompliancewiththeprovisionsofArticle18ofthisLawshallpayasocialmaintenancefeeprescribedbylaw.ONECHILDPOLICY•Demographictargetsdowntolocallevel•Governmentregulationsandfinesforunplannedbirths•Pressuretoabortunplannedpregnancies•Highlyorganizedservice(FamilyPlanningCommission)•“Oneveto”systemforevaluatingofficialsREWARDS•“OneChildCertificate”•Cashbonuses(￥20/month)•Longermaternityleave•Betterchildcare•Preferentialhousing•Preferentialemployment•Preferentialschoolplacement•Paidmedical/hospitalexpensesCONSEQUENCES•Lossoffamilyallowances•Lossofmedicalbenefits•Demotion/dischargefromjobs•Confiscationofproperty•Fines-upto7timesannualsalaryFAMOUSEXAMPLE•ZhangYimo•Famousfilmdirector•Fined￥7.4millionRMBforhaving3childrenwithoutpermissioninFeb.2014APROFESSORWASFIREDFORHAVINGASECONDCHILDWITHOUTPERMISSIONINNOV.2013GENERALEXCEPTIONS•Membersofethnicminorities•Firstchilddisabledordies•Remarriedcouples•Inruralareas,iffirstchildisagirl•Pregnancyafteradoption•China’spopulationreduced400million.1970:thecrudebirthrateis331990:therudebirthrateis222008:thecrudebirthrateis19(Crudebirthrateischildbirth/1000peopleperyear)Effects:NegativeEffects•Sexselectiveabortion•Type-Bultrasoundforbiddenbeginning2002•“LittleEmperorSyndrome”SEXRATIOATBIRTHUNBALANCED120.5109.9117.1122.9119.9116.8111.3113.1107.6116.4113.0112.1107.1121.7117.8111.8113.6107.7105108111114117120123126198219871990199520002005YearSexratioTotalUrbanareaRuralareaSource:ChinaPopulationCensusesand1%PopulationSampleSurveys5.WhatistheFUTUREofthisPolicy?“Thepolicyshouldbeenforcedfor30-40years”--PopulationexpertsSong,Jian(宋健)Tian,Xueyuan(田雪原)in1979ThepolicyhasbeenrelaxedIn2004&2009scholarscalledforachangeIn2011,coupleswhoareboththeonlychildofthefamiliesareallowedtohave2childrenNEWREADJUSTMENTPOLICY•Nov.15,2013:Billtoallowcouples…tohave2childrenwasapprovedbytheNationalpeopleCongress•Fiveprovinces/municipalitiesenforced--Tianjin,Beijing,Zhejiang,Jiangxi,Anhui•TheFamilyPlanningCommissionmergedintoHealthandFamilyPlanningCommissionin2013ITSINFLUENCES:1.Numberofchildrenperhouseholdpresent:1.5—1.6future:1.82.PopulationstructureBy203022millionpeopleaddedtoworkforce3.RebalancingofgenderdisparityNowthereare30millionmoremalesthanfemales4.Avoidingthe4--2--1familystructureFUTUREOFTHEONECHILDPOLICY-----DEMOLISHED?WANGMINGANATIONALCOMMITTEEMEMBEROFTHECPPCC(CHINESEPEOPLE'SPOLITICALCONSULTATIVECONFERENCE)PROFESSORATTSINGHUAUNIVERSITYRECENTLYPROPOSED:COMPLETEREMOVALOFTHEPOLICYCANCELTHESOCIALMAINTENANCEFEE