期末英国文学复习

ThetragedyofHamlet,PrinceofDenmarkACT3.Scene1.Hamlet’sSoliloquyTobe,ornottobe:thatisthequestion:Whether‘tis([诗]itis)noblerinthemindtosufferTheslings&arrowsofoutrageousfortune,Ortotakearmsagainstaseaoftroubles,Andbyopposingendthem?“Tobeornottobe”isthekeysentenceinthissoliloquy.“Tobe”istocontinuetolive,ortotakeaction.“Nottobe”istodie,ortodonothingbutsuffering,toendone’slifebyself-destruction.Itisadilemma[di'lemə,,dai-]oftryingtodeterminethemeaningoflifeanddeath.Isitnoblertosufferthelifepassivelyortodie(seektoendone’ssufferings)actively?Todie:tosleep;Nomore;andbyasleeptosayweendTheheart-acheandthethousandnaturalshocksThatfleshisheirto,'tisaconsummationDevoutlytobewish'd.Todie:tosleep.Itisametaphor.Hamletspokeofsuicideasanescape.Hisspeechhasbecomeproverbial[prəu'və:bjəl]adj.谚语的；众所周知的；谚语式的asanoutpouring流露ofutterworld-weariness.Todie,tosleep;Tosleep:perchancetodream:ay,there'stherub;ForinthatsleepofdeathwhatdreamsmaycomeWhenwehaveshuffledoffthismortalcoil,Mustgiveuspause.Whyisit“therub”?Whatmakesuspause?Hamletthinksthatsuicideisadesirableactionofescaping,butwhatwillhappenafterdying?Italludesto暗指hesitationforsleeping/dyingbecauseHamletrealizesthatunknowndreamswillmakeusterrified.There'stherespectThatmakescalamityofsolonglife;Forwhowouldbearthewhipsandscornsoftime,Theoppressor'swrong,theproudman'scontumely,Thepangsofdespisedlove,thelaw'sdelay,TheinsolenceofofficeandthespurnsThatpatientmeritoftheunworthytakes,WhenhehimselfmighthisquietusmakeWithabarebodkin?ThisspeechconfirmsHamlet’ssuspicionofafterlife.Peoplewouldrathersufferlife-longmiseriesthantosleeptoundergotheunknowndreams,becausecomparativelythelatterismorefearful.whowouldfardelsbear,Togruntandsweatunderawearylife,Butthatthedreadofsomethingafterdeath,Theundiscover'dcountryfromwhosebournNotravellerreturns,puzzlesthewillAndmakesusratherbearthoseillswehaveThanflytoothersthatweknownotof?Tobeismoredifficultandfearfulthannottobe.ThespeechindirectlygivesHamletareasonwhyhehasalwaysbeenhesitatingfortakingrevenge.Hamlethastoliveasuspectedlifebetweenfactandfiction,languageandaction.Itishisspeculationandvulnerability[,vʌlnərə'biliti]n.易损性；弱点aswell.Thusconsciencedoesmakecowardsofusall;AndthusthenativehueofresolutionIssickliedo'erwiththepalecastofthought,AndenterprisesofgreatpitchandmomentWiththisregardtheircurrentsturnawry,Andlosethenameofaction.Hamletthusconcludesthatthedreadoftheafterlifeleadstoexcessivemoralsensitivitythatmakesactionimpossible.MainIdea:ItistakenfromShakespeare’sgreatesttragedyHamlet.Inthisfamousmonologue,Hamlet,facingthedilemmaofactionandmind,ishesitatingwhetherheshouldrevengeforhisfather,whichmaybringhimdeath,orheshouldsufferandhidehishatredforhisuncleinhisdeepheart,whichmaysecurehislife.‘OdetotheWestWindbyPercyByssheShelleyThethemeThepoetdesirestheirresistiblepowerofthewindtoscatterthewordshehaswrittenabouthisidealsandcauses,oneofwhichwasoppositiontoBritain’smonarchicalgovernmentasaformoftyranny.Believingfirmlyindemocracyandindividualrights,hesupportedmovementstoreformgovernment.DestroyerandpreserverInthefirststanza,theautumnwindscattersdeadleavesandseedsontheforestsoilwheretheyeventuallyfertilizetheearthandtakerootasnewgrowth.Both“destroyerandpreserver”,thewindensuresthecyclicalregularityoftheseasons.Thesethemesofregenerationandtheinterconnectednessofdeathandlife,endingsandbeginnings,runthroughout“Odetothewestwind”.Thepersonalconflictsexplaintheimageryofdeathanddecayinthefirststanzaofthepoem.ThepoemcallsforamythicalpowertoinspireandinducechangeoranewBirth.ItisabouttheregenerativepowersofNaturetobringforthnotonlynewlifebutalsopoeticinspiration.Thecallforinspirationcomesintheformlikeaprayer,nottoaChristianGod,buttoanunseenspiritualforcewhichhasthesameomnipresenceandpowerasagod.Shelley'soriginaldraftsof'Ode'hadmarkeddifferencesfromthewayreadersseeittoday.Thenotebooksshowthattheoriginallastlinetothepoemendednotinaquestionbutinanassertion,WhenWintercomes,Springlagsnotfarbehind!However,Shelleylaterchangedthisstatementintoarhetoricalquestion,OWind/IfWintercomes,canSpringbefarbehind?Byendingwithaquestion,Shelleydrawsinthereadertodeveloptheirthoughtsonthecreativeprocessandofpoliticalchange.ThelastlineshowsShelley'soptimismaboutSpringandregeneration.CommentsonCharlesDickensCD,oneofthegreatestcriticalrealismnovelistsofVictorianerainthe19thcenturyinBritain,givesusamostvividpictureoftheeverydaylifeofordinarypeopleofhistime.Whenpresentingatruthfulpictureofthehardship,bornebythepoor,hebelievedthatahard-workingandhonestmancouldyetachievehislittlepersonalhappinessundercapitalism.Hegavesatireonthecapitalistsociety.DavidCopperfieldwritteninfirst-personpointofviewportraystheDC’sgrown-upcourse.ItisbasedonDickens’searlylifeexperiences.LikeDickens,Davidworkedasachild,pastinglabelsontobottles.Healsobecamefirstalawclerk,thenareporterandfinallyasuccessfulnovelist.ThroughthedescriptionofDC,Dickensmadeafierceandharshattackuponthebourgeoissociety,includingthemiserablefamilylife,children’seducationandcapitalism.Inthenovel,hecritizedthemoralisticandsadisticoppressivenessofMr.andMi