(完整版)英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解

一、英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解：（一）句子成分1.主语（subject）:句子说明的人或事物。主语可以由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、分词、主语从句和短语等来担任。Thesunrisesintheeast.（名词）Helikesdancing.（代词）Twentyyearsisashorttimeinhistory.(数词)Seeingisbelieving.（动名词）Toseeistobelieve.（不定式）Whatheneedsisabook.（主语从句）Itisveryclearthattheelephantisroundandtalllikeatree.（It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）找出下列句中的主语：Janeisgoodatplayingthepiano.（名词）Shewentoutinahurry.（代词）Fourplusfouriseight.（数词）Toseeistobelieve.（不定式）Smokingisbadforhealth.（动名词）Theyoungshouldrespecttheold.（名词化的形容词）Whathehassaidistrue.（句子）2.谓语（predicate）:说明主语的动作、状态和特征。简单谓语:由动词或动词词组组成Isawtheflagonthetopofthehill?Helookedaftertwoorphans.复合谓语：由情态动词或助动词+动词;HecanspeakEnglishwell.Shedoesn’tseemtolikedancing.找出下列句中的谓语（注：只有动词才可作谓语。）：1.WeloveChina.2.Wehavefinishedreadingthisbook.3.HecanspeakEnglish.4.Sheseemstired.3.表语（predicative）:系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。Heisateacher.（名词）Seventy-four!Youdon’tlookit.（代词）Fiveandfiveisten.（数词）Heisasleep.（形容词）Hisfatherisin.（副词）Thepictureisonthewall.(介词短语)Mywatchisgone/missing/lost.（形容词化的分词）Towearafloweristosay“I’mpoor,Ican’tbuyaring.（不定式）Thequestioniswhethertheywillcome.（表语从句）★（常见的系动词有:be,sound（听起来）,look（看起来）,feel(摸起来，smell（闻起来）,taste（尝、吃起来）,remain（保持，仍是）,feel（感觉）...Itsoundsagoodidea.Thesoundsoundsstrange.Hervoicesoundssweet.Tomlooksthin.Thefoodsmellsdelicious.Thefoodtastesgood.Thedoorremainsopen.NowIfeeltired.找出下列句中的表语。1.Iamateacher.2.Theyareontheplayground.3.MyjobisteachingEnglish.4.Itgetscold.5.Itsoundsinteresting.4.宾语：1）动作的承受者-----及物动词或介词的宾语IlikeChina.（名词）Hehatesyou.（代词）Howmanydoyouneed?Weneedtwo.（数词）Weshouldhelptheoldandthepoor.Ienjoyworkingwithyou.（动名词）Ihopetoseeyouagain.（不定式）Didyouwritedownwhathesaid?（宾语从句）2）介词后的名词、代词和动名词-----介宾Areyouafraidofthesnake?Underthesnow,therearemanyrocks.3）双宾语-----间宾（指人）和直宾（指物）宾语分为直接宾语和间接宾语.直接宾语指物或事,间接宾语指人或动物.Hegavemeabookyesterday.Givethepoormansomemoney.指出下面句子的间接宾语和直接宾语：pleasepassmethebook.Heboughthisgirlfriendsomeflowers.找出下列句子的宾语部分：1.Weoftenhelphim.2.Helikestoplaybasketball.3.Weenjoylisteningtothemusic.4.Shesaidthathefeltsick.5.Theyaretalkingaboutthenewstudent.5.宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。有些及物动词除了有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语，说明宾语的身份和状态以补充其意义不足，使句子的意义完整。这类常用的及物动词有：Weelectedhimmonitor.（名词）Weallthinkitapitythatshedidn’tcomehere.（名）Wewillmakethemhappy.（形容词）Wefoundnobodyin.(副词)Pleasemakeyourselfathome.介词短语）Don’tlethimdothat.（省to不定式）Hisfatheradvisedhimtoteachthelazyboyalesson.（带to不定式）Don’tkeepthelightsburning.（现在分词）I’llhavemybikerepaired.（过去分词）6.主补：对主语的补充，全称为主语补足语。Hewaselectedmonitor.Shewasfoundsinginginthenextroom.Hewasadvisedtoteachthelazyboyalesson.7.定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。AiYanlingisachemistryteacher.（名词）Heisourfriend.（代词）Webelongtothethirdworld.（数词）Hewasadvisedtoteachthelazyboyalesson.（形容词）Themanoverthereismyoldfriend.(副词)Thewomanwithababyinherarmsismysister.(介词)TheboysplayingfootballareinClass2.（现在分词）Thetreesplantedlastyeararegrowingwellnow.（过去分词）Ihaveanideatodoitwell.（不定式）YoushoulddoeverythingthatIdo.（定语从句）定语后置：如果定语是由一个单词表示时，通常要前置。而由一个词组或一个句子表示时，通常则后置Thegirlinredishissister.Wehavealotofworktodo.Thegirlstandingunderthetreeishisdaughter.Doyouknowthemanwhospokejustnow?8.状语：用来修饰v.,adj.,adv.,或句子。表示时间、地点、原因、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。（以下例句按上述顺序排列）Iwillgotheretomorrow.Themeetingwillbeheldinthemeeting-room.Themeatwentbadbecauseofthehotweather.HestudieshardtolearnEnglishwell.Hedidn’tstudyhardsothathefailedintheexam.Ilikesomeofyouverymuch.Ifyoustudyhard,youwillpasstheexam.Hegoestoschoolbybike.Thoughheisyoung,hecandoitwell.（二）句子结构简单句的五个基本句型1.主语＋不及物动词Shecame．/Myheadaches.2.主语＋及物动词＋宾语ShelikesEnglish.3.主语＋系动词＋表语Sheishappy．4.主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语ShegaveJohnabook.5.主语＋宾补动词＋宾语＋宾语补语Shemakeshermotherangry．Theteacheraskedmetoreadthepassage.★There+be句型Therearesomebooksonthedesk.Thereliesabookonthedesk.Exercises：分析下列句子成分1.Ourschoolisnotfarfrommyhome.2.Itisagreatpleasuretotalkwithyou3.Allofusconsideredhimhonest.4.Mygrandfatherboughtmeapairofsportsshoes.5.Hebrokeapieceofglass.6.Hemadeitclearthathewouldleavethecity．翻译练习：主谓结构（主语＋不及物动词）1、你应该努力学习Youshouldstudyhard.2、他昨天晚上很晚回家Shewenthomeverylateyesterdayevening.练习：1、Thisboxweighsfivekilos.这个盒子重五公斤。2、IlivedinBeijingfiveyearsago.五年前我住在北京。主谓宾结构（主语＋及物动词＋宾语）1、我昨晚写了一封信Iwrotealetterlastnight.2、我今天下午想和你谈谈Iwanttotalkwithyouthisafternoon.练习：1、AllofusbelievethatJackisanhonestboy.我们大家都相信Jack是一个诚实男孩。2、Hedidnotknowwhattosay.他不知道说什麽好。主系表结构（主语＋系动词＋表语）1.我的弟弟都是大学生Mybrothersareallcollegestudents.2.在冬天，白天很短夜晚很长Inwinter,thedaysareshortandthenightsarelong.3.布朗女士看上去很健康MrsBrownlooksveryhealthy.4.在他15岁那年他成为了著名的画家Attheageoffifteenhebecameafamouspianist.练习：1、树叶已经变黄了。Theleaveshaveturnedyellow.2、这个报告听起来很有意思。Thereportsoundsinteresting.双宾语结构（主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语）1.强森先生去年叫我们德语MrJohnsontaughtusGermanlastyear.2.祖父昨晚给我讲了一个有趣的故事Grandmatoldmeaninterestingstorylastnight.练习：1、请你给我弄一本新的，好吗？Willyoupleasegetmeanewcopy?2、我替你叫辆出租汽车好吗？ShallIcallyouataxi?复合宾语结构（主语＋动词＋宾语＋宾语补足语）1.我们叫她爱丽丝WecallherAlice.2.他父母叫他约翰HisparentsnamedhimJohn.练习：1、学校定了一条规则，开始上课时学生要起立。Theschoolmadeitarulethatthestudentsshouldstandupwhenclassbegins.2、我认为与那个人谈话是无益的。IthoughtitnousetalkingwiththatmanTherebe句型1.今晚不会开会Thereisn’tgoingtobeameetingtonight.2.这个村庄里只有一口井Therewasonlyawel