气候变化-英语论文

Climatechangehasbecomeoneofthemajorissueincitiesin21stcentury,whichhasmanynegativeimpactsonthedevelopmentofcities.Itisreportedthatthesechangeswillcontributetobroadrangingeffectsandeconomicexpensesacrossdifferentsectorsandregions.(Hunt,A.&Watkiss,P.2011,P47).AccordingtotheIntergovernmentalPanelonclimatechange,climatechangereferstoanychargesinclimateovertime,whetherowingtonaturaluncertaintyorasaresultofhumanaction.(IPCC)Thisessayisaboutthe3problemswhicharecausedbytheclimatechangesuchassae-levelrising,highenergydemandandthethreatentohumanhealth,andsuggest3solutionsforit,Iikemitigation,adaptationandurbanplanning.TheChangingclimateinfluencessocietyandhumaninawidevarietyofways,Firstly,itwill5eri0dSlyCausethesea-levelrising,Whichwillthreatenthecoastalresidents.Itisreportedthatabout65%ofcitizenswithpopulationmorethan5millionlivenearthecoast(McGranahanetal.2006,p51).Itissocrucialthatmorefloodsandtsunamiwillbemorefrequenttooccurinthertes.Secondly,energydemandisalsolinkedtoclimatechange.Forinstance,inEurope,thecoolingdemandinsummerincreasessignificantly,buttheheatingdemandinwinterisreduced(EEA,2008p64).Inaddition,themostimportantissueisthatclimatechangewillalsoaffecthumanhealthinbothdirectandindirectways,forinstance,theincreasingtransmissionoffood-borne,orvector-bornecausesofdisease,oreffectsonwelfarefromflooding(McMichaeletal.2004,p55).Inordertodealwiththeseproblemssomesolutionsaresuggestedintheessay.Thefirstsolutionismitigationwhichreferstoreducingthedischargeofthegreenhousegases.GHGemissionisoneofthemaincausesoftheglobalclimatechangeandrecentsurveyestimatesthat72%ofglobalenergy-relatedcarbonemissionsareproducedbyurbanareas(IEA,p44).Therefore,itisnecessaryforhumanstosparenoeffortstomitigatetheGHGemission.Therearemanycost-effectiveopportunitiestomitigatetheGHGemission,suchaspromotingcleanersourcesofenergyandmoreenvironmental-protectionpublicinfrastructure,improvedindustrialactions(EPA).Inaddition,plantingmoretreescannotonlyhelpmitigate,butalsocanbeautifythecity.However,GHGemissionhasclose-relatedrelationshiptothedevelopmentofcities,itisdifficulttotakethebalancebetweenmitigationandcitydevelopment.Thesecondsolutionisadaptation.Itrefersthatgovernmentshouldtakeactionforcitizenstoadapttotheinfluenceswhicharecausedbytheclimatechange.Manyadaptationmeasureshaveconnectionwithmitigationstrategies(IPCC,P58).Thereareawiderangeofactivitiesincludingincoastaladoptionmeasuresthatinductsexpandingsetbacksandinstitutingotherland-usearraystoenablewetlandsandbeachestomigrateisland,upgradingandredesigningpublicfacilitiessuchasroadsbridges,culvertsandthesystemswhichobservethestormwater.(IPCC)Adaptationcanalsohelpsatisfytheenergydemand,suchasprotectingcriticalenergyproductionfacilitiesandrelocatingimportantbusinessinstallations.Moreover,humanhealthproblemscanbesolvedbyimprovingpubliccommunicationduringspecifichealthrisksandmonitoringemerginghealthrisks.Adaptationisreallyasuitablesolutiontoclimatechange,ifthegovernmentstakethecorrectaction.Thelastsolutionisurbanplanning,whichmeansthatcityplannershouldprojectthecitiesintoabetterformwhichcanovercomethechangingclimate,andcityplannersarerequiredtoconnectclimatechangeissuestobroaderagendas.Iftheycanputclimatechangeanddisastersintoconsideration,ourcitieswillbesafer(CynthiaRosen2weigetal,2010,P45).Urbanplanningisasarenaforbothmitigationandadaptationmeasures.Itcancombinethesetwomeasuresandcreatethebestsolutiontotheclimatechange.Thedecision-makingconcerningappropriateactionisnoteasy.Alackofknowledge,manyuncertaintiesandclimateimpactsinawiderfuturemakethetranslationofcurrentclimateimpactresearchmurbanplanningarealchallenge.Tobevalid,theeffortsmustrelyonthebestpossiblecity-focused,climate-changescience,monitoredsystematicallyandupdatedfrequently.r(CynthiaRosenzweigetal,2010.P45)Inconclusion,climatechangehassomanyharmfulimpactsonthecitiesandcitizensIncludingsealevelIncreasing,nighenergydemandandthethreatentohumanhealth.Thecityplannershouldputallthesethingsiotaaccountandfindtheappropriatesolutiontotheseproblems,suchasmitigationofGHGemission,adaptationtotheclimatechangeandurbanplanning.Althoughthemitigationandurbanplanningarereallygoodsolutiontoclimatechange,adaptionisthebestsolutionofallbecauseofitspracticalapplicabilityanduniversality.ReferencesHunt,A.&Watkiss,P.2011,'climatechangeimpactsandadaptationincities:areviewoftheliterature'.IPCC,IntergovernmentalPanelonclimatechangeMcGranahanG,BalkD,AndersonB(2006)Therisingtide:assessingtherisksofclimatechangeandhumansettlementinlowelevationcoastalzones.EEAImpactsofEurope'schangingclimate-2008indicator-basedassessment,JointEEAJFC-WHOreport.PublishedbytheEuropeanenvironmentagency.McMichaelA,WoodruffR,WhettonP,HennessyK,NichollsN,HalesS,WoodwardA,KjellstromT(2003)Humanhealthandclimatechangeinoceania:ariskassessment2002.CommonwealthofAustralia2003.IEAInternationalEnergyAgencyCynthiaRosenzweigisaseniorresearchscientistattheclimateimpactsgroup.