what-is-morphemes.ppt1

Chapter3FromMorphemetoPhrase•TypesofMorpheme（语素的类型）Morpheme（语素）andMorphology（形态学）Whatismorpheme?3.1.1.MorphemeandMorphology•Morpheme(语素)isthesmallestunitoflanguageinregardtotherelationshipbetweensoundingandmeaning,aunitthatcannotbedividedintofurthersmallerunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning.Forexample:•apartment=apart+-ment•disappointment=dis-+appoint+-ment•chair=ch+air(×)•moon=mo+on(×)•ThesystemstudyofmorphemeisabranchoflinguisticscalledMorphology(形态学),whichinvestigatestheinternalstructuresandrulesofmorphemesbywhichwordsareformed.（形态学是涉及语素的系统研究，是语言学的一个分支，它主要是研究词的内部结构和构造规则）Forexample:purify(v)=pur(e)（adj）+ify得出：一个形容词词尾加上-ify可以生成一个新的动词So:ample(adj)+ify=amplify(v)放大simple(adj)+ify=simplify(v)简单化electric(adj)+ify=electrify(v)放电false(adj)+ify=falsify(v)伪造•3.1.2typesofMorphemes•Morphemecanbesubclassifiedintodifferenttypes,dependingonwhatcriteriaoneattemptstofollow:(1)Freemorpheme(自由语素)andboundmorpheme（粘着语素）(2)Root,affixandstem(3)Inflectionalaffix（屈折词缀）andderivationalaffix（派生词缀）(1)Thosethatmayoccuralone,thatis,thosewhichmaymakeupwordsbythemselves,areFreeMorphemes（自由语素）.Forexample:dog、nation、close、clothandgirlarefreemorphemes,suchwordsarecalledMono-morphemicwords(单语素词)Allmono-morphemicwordsarefreemorphemes(所有的单语素词都是自由语素)freemorphemesfreemorphemesPoly-morphemicwords(多语素词).Compound(复合词):consistoffreemorphemesonlye.g.:earthquake、babysit、blackboard、sunflowerothers………..•Boundmorphemes(粘着语素):•Cannotoccuralone,appearwithatleaseonedifferentmorpheme•e.g.:•Boys中的-snational中的-al，以及distempered中的dis-和-ed都是不能单独出现的语素,他们都属于粘着语素•（2）Poly-morphemicwords(多语素词)otherthancompounds（复合词）maybedividedintoRootsandAffixes.•Arootisthebaseformofawordthatcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithoutdestroyingitsmeaning.•E.g.:internationalism去掉inter-,-al和–ism,剩下的部分nation就是词根。•(allwordscontainarootmorphemes)•Arootmayalsobefreeorbound.•Free:blackbird,blackboard,blacksmith中的词根black是自由语素•Bound:receive,perceive,conceive中的词根-ceive是粘着语素•Freeandbound:sleep,child是自由语素，但是slept中的slep-，以及children中的child-却不能独立出现•AnAffixisthecollectivetermforthetypeofmorphemethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme(therootorstem)•Prefix:para-,mini-,dis-•Suffix:-ment,-tion,ise•Infix:-ee-（在英语中比较少见）•Astemisanymorphemeorcombinationstowhichaninflectional(屈折词缀)affixcanbeadded.•E.g.:friends中的friend-和friendships中的friendship-都是词干。什么是屈折词缀呢？•屈折词缀：起语法作用,包括可数名词复数、名词所有格,动词现在时单数第三人称、现在分词、过去分词、过去式,形容词比较级和最高级等。加了屈折词缀的新词(如walks)实际上只是同一个词的一种形式而已。（3）inflectionalaffixandderivationalaffix(屈折词缀和派生词缀)Rootscannotbedividedintoinflectionalandderivationalone.Butthesetwotypesofaffixhavesomedifferences.ContrastbetweeninflectionalaffixandderivationalaffixinflectionalaffixderivationalaffixAddaminuteordelicategrammaticalfunctiononlytothestem.e.g.:toys,walks,John’sProductiveinmakingnewwords.e.g.:recite,recitation,recitalcite,citation,cital)1、inflectionalaffixderivationalaffixDonotchangethewordclassofthewordtheyattachto.e.g.:flowerandflowersarenounsMaychangethewordclasse.g.:small（adj),smallness(n)Maychangethemeaningoftheword.e.g.:child,childhood2、inflectionalaffixderivationalaffixDependonotherfactorswithinthephraseorsentenceatstakee.g.:HelikestowatchTV.Baseonsimplemeaningdistinction.e.g.:Heisacleverboy.Theboyisremarkableforhiscleverness•InEnglish,mostinflectionalaffixesaresuffixes,whicharealwaysworkfinalE.g.:drums,walks,Mary’s•Derivationalaffixescanbeeitherprefixes,suffixes,orbothE.g.:depart,teacher,internationalThankyouforyourlistening!!