英语语言学教案

1英语语言学教安Date：Lecture1Chapter1IntroductionI.Objectives:Studentsaretolearnthefollowingfromthislecture:1.Whatlinguisticsis?2.Thescopeoflinguistics3.SomeimportantdistinctionsinlinguisticsII.Procedures1.Gettoknoweachother.(5’)2.Introducethecourse,thetextbookaswellasthereferencebooks.(10’)3.Requirementsandevaluationofthecourse.(5’)4.NewContents:(70”)1.1Whatlinguisticsis(20’)1.1.1DefinitionLinguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Ittriestoanswerthebasicquestions“Whatislanguage?”．“Howdoeslanguagework?”，and“Whatrulestherearethatgovernthestructureoflanguage?’’Itprobesintovariousproblemsrelatedtolanguagesuchas“Whatdoalllanguageshaveincommon?”．“Whatrangeofvariationisfotmdamonglanguages?”，“Whatmakeslanguagechange?”．“Towhatextentaresocialclassdifferencesreflectedinlanguage?”，‘‘Howdoesachildacquirehismothertongue?”,andmanyothers．1.1.2.Thescopeoflinguistics(25’)1.GeneralLinguistics普通语言学ThestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledGenerallinguistics.Thisdealswiththebasicconcepts，theories．descriptions，modelsandmethodsapplicableinanylinguisticstudy，incontrasttothosebranchesofstudywhichrelatelinguisticstotheresearchofotherareas．2.Phonetics语音学Thestudyofsoundsusedinlinguisticcommunicationledtotheestablishmentofphonetics．3.Phonology音位学Phonologystudieshowsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveyincaninginconmmnication．4.Morphology形态学Thesoundsusedinlinguisticcommunicationarerepresentedbysymbols，i．e．morphemes．Morphologystudiesthewayinwhichthesesymbolsarearrangedandcombinedtoformwords．5.Syntax句法Syntaxstudiestheruleshowthecombinationofwordstoformgranmlaticallypermissiblesentencesinlanguages．6.Semantics语义学Buttheultimateobjectiveoflanguageisnotjusttocreategrammaticallywell-formedsentences．Inmostgeneraltermslanguageisusedtoconveymeaning．Semanticsstudiesthemeaning．7.Pragmatics语用学Languagecommunicationdoesnotoccurinavacuum；italwaysoccursinacontext．WhentheStUdyofmeaningisconducted，notinisolation，butinthecontextoflanguageuse.Pragmaticsstudiesthecontextof2languageuse．8.Interdisciplinarybranchesoflinguisticstudy1)Scociolinguistics社会语言学Sociolinguisticsstudiesthesociologicalaspectsoflanguage.2)Psycholinguistics心理语言学Psycholinguisticsdrawsfromlinguisticsandpsychologyandfocusesuponthecomprehensionandproductionoflanguage.3)AppliedLinguistics应用语言学AppliedLinguistics(AL)providesthetheoreticalanddescriptivefoundationsfortheinvestigationandsolutionoflanguage-relatedproblems,especiallythoseoflanguageeducation(first-language,second-languageandforeign-languageteachingandlearning),butalsoproblemsoftranslationandinterpretation,lexicography,forensiclinguisticsand(perhaps)clinicallinguistics.1.1.3.Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics(23’)1.prescriptivevs.descriptivePrescriptiveanddescriptiverepresenttwodifferenttypesoflinguisticstudy.Ifalinguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobedescriptive;ifthelinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesfor“correctandstandard”behaviourinusinglanguage,i.e.totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay,itissaidtobeprescriptive.2.synchronicvs.diachronicLanguageexistsintimeandchangesthroughtime.Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistoryisasynchronicstudy;thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.Adiachronicstudyoflanguageisahistoricalstudy;itstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.3.speechvs.writingSpeechandwritingarethetwomajormediaoflinguisticcommunication.Modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasthenaturalortheprimarymediumofhumanlanguageforsomeobviousreasons.Fromthepointofviewoflinguisticevolution,speechispriortowriting.Thewritingsystemofanylanguageisalways“invented”byitsuserstorecordspeechwhentheneedarises.Evenintoday’sworldtherearestillmanylanguagesthatcanonlybespokenbutnotwritten.Thenineverydaycommunication,speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed.Andalso,speechisalwaysthewayinwhicheverynativespeakeracquireshismothertongue,andwritingislearnedandtaughtlaterwhenhegoestoschool.Formodernlinguists,spokenlanguagerevealsmanytruefeaturesofhumanspeechwhilewrittenlanguageisonlythe“revised”recordofspeech.Thustheirdataforinvestigationandanalysisaremostlydrawnfromeverydayspeech,whichtheyregardasauthentic.III.Homework(2’)1.Qs1-6(P13(oral)2.GatherinformationaboutSaussureandChomsky3.PreviewtherestofChapter1.IV.Self-evaluationabouttheclass:Date:Lecture23Chapter1Introduction(Continued)I.Objectives:Studentsaretolearnthefollowingfromthislecture:1.Otherimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics2.Thedefinitionoflanguage3.Somefunctionsoflanguage4.Somedesignfeaturesoflanguage5.SometheoriesastotheoriginoflanguageII.ProceduresA.Reviewquestions(15’):1.Howdoyouinterpretthefollowingdefinitionoflinguistics:Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.Linguisticsisbasedonthesystematicinvestigationoflinguisticdata,conductedwithreferencetosomegeneraltheoryoflanguagestructure.Inordertodiscoverthenatureandrulesoftheunderlyinglanguagesystem,whatthelinguisthastodofirstistocollectandobservelanguagefacts,whicharefoundtodisplaysomesimilarities,andg