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Unit1恰到好处Haveyoueverwatchedaclumsymanhammeringanailintoabox?Hehitsitfirsttooneside,thentoanother,perhapsknockingitovercompletely,sothatintheendheonlygetshalfofitintothewood.Askillfulcarpenter,ontheotherhand,willdrivethenailwithafewfirm,deftblows,hittingiteachtimesquarelyonthehead.Sowithlanguage;thegoodcraftsmanwillchoosewordsthatdrivehomehispointfirmlyandexactly.Awordthatismoreorlessright,aloosephrase,anambiguousexpression,avagueadjective(模糊的形容词),willnotsatisfyawriterwhoaimsatcleanEnglish.Hewilltryalwaystogetthewordthatiscompletelyrightforhispurpose.你见过一个笨手笨脚的男人往箱子上钉钉子吗?只见他左敲敲,右敲敲,说不准还会将整个钉子锤翻,结果敲来敲去到头来只敲进了半截。而娴熟的木匠就不这么干。他每敲一下都会坚实巧妙地正对着钉头落下去,一钉到底。语言也是如此。一位优秀的艺术家谴词造句上力求准确而有力地表达自己的观点。差不多的词,不准确的短语,摸棱两可的表达,含糊不清的修饰,都无法使一位追求纯真英语的作家满意。他会一直思考,直至找到那个能准确表达他的意思的词。TheFrenchhaveanapt(贴切的)phraseforthis.Theyspeakof“lemotjuste,”(theexactword)thewordthatisjustright.Storiesaretoldofscrupulous(一丝不苟的)writers,likeFlaubert,whospentdaystryingtogetoneortwosentencesexactlyright.Wordsaremanyandvarious;theyaresubtle(微妙的)anddelicate(细腻的)intheirdifferentshades(色调)ofmeaning,anditisnoteasytofindtheonesthatexpressprecisely(正是,恰恰)whatwewanttosay.Itisnotonlyamatterofhavingagoodcommandoflanguageandafairlywidevocabulary;itisalsonecessarytothinkhardandtoobserveaccurately.Choosingwordsispartoftheprocessofrealization,ofdefiningourthoughtsandfeelingsforourselves,aswellasforthosewhohearorreadourwords.Someoneonceremarked:“HowcanIknowwhatIthinktillIseewhatIsay?”thissoundsstupid,butthereisagreatdealoftruthinit.法国人有一个很贴切的短语来表达这样一个意思,即“lemotjuste”,恰到好处的词。有很多关于精益求精的作家的名人轶事,比如福楼拜常花几天的时间力求使一两个句子在表达上准确无误。在浩瀚的词海中,词与词之间有着微妙的区别,要找到能恰如其分表达我们意思的词绝非易事。这不仅仅是扎实的语言功底和相当大的词汇量的问题,还需要人们绞尽脑汁,要观察敏锐。选词是认识过程的一个步骤,也是详细描述我们的思想感情并表达出来使自己以及听众和读者深刻理解的一个环节。有人说:“在我思想未成文之前,我怎么知道自己的想法?”这听起来似乎很离谱,但它确实很有道理。Itishardworkchoosingtherightwords,butweshallberewardedbythesatisfactionthatfindingthembrings.Theexactuseoflanguagegivesusmastery(掌握)overthematerialwearedealingwith.Perhapsyouhavebeenasked“Whatsortofamanisso-and-so(某某等)?”Youbegin:“Oh,Ithinkhe’squiteanicechap(家伙)buthe’srather…”andthenyouhesitatetryingtofindawordorphrasetoexpresswhatitisabouthimthatyoudon’tlike,thatconstitutes(构成)hislimitation.Whenyoufindtherightphraseyoufeelthatyourconceptionofthemanisclearerandsharper.寻找恰如其分的词的确是件不容易的事。一旦找到了那个词,我们就会感到很欣慰:辛劳得到了回报。准确地用语言有助于我们深入了解我们描述的事物。例如,当有人问你:“某某是怎么样的人?”你回答说:“恩,我想他是个不错的家伙,但他非常……”接着你犹豫了,试图找到一个词或短语来说明他到底讨厌在哪里。当你找到一个恰当的短语的时候,你发觉自己对他的看法更清楚,也更精确了。SomeEnglishwordshaveacommonrootbutareusedinverydifferentsenses.Considerhumanandhumane(人道,仁慈的),forexample.Theiroriginisthesameandtheirmeaningsarerelated,buttheirusageisdistinct.Ahumanactionisnotthesamethingasahumaneaction.WecannotspeakofaDeclarationofHumaneRights.---Thereisaweaponcalledahumanekiller,butitisnotahumankiller.一些英语词汇词根相同而意义却截然不同。例如human和humane,二者的词根相同,词义也相关,但用法完全不同。“humanaction(人类行为)”和“humaneaction(人道行为)”完全是两码事。我们不能说“人道权力宣言”,而是说“人权宣言”。有一种屠杀工具叫“humanekiller(麻醉屠宰机),而不是humankiller(杀人机器)。Wedon’thavetolookfarafieldtofindevidenceofbadcarpentryinlanguage.Astudent,replyingtoaninvitationtodinner,finishedhisletter:“IshallbedelightedtocomeandIamlookingforwardtothedaywithanxiety.”Anxietycarrieswithitsuggestionsofworryandfear.Whatthewritermeantwaspossiblyeagerness.Anxietyhassomekinship(亲属关系)witheagernessbutitwillnotdoasasubstitute(替代)inthiscontext.语言中的坏手艺的例子在我们身边随处可见。有人邀请一名学生去吃饭,他写信给予回复。请看他的信是这样结尾的:“我将很高兴赴约并满怀不安(anxiety)期待着那个日子的到来。”“Anxiety”含有烦恼和恐惧的意味。作者想表达的很可能是一种翘首期盼的心情。“Anxiety”跟热切期盼有一定的关联,但在这个场合是不能等同的。TheleaderofapoliticalpartyinUgandawrotealettertothePresswhichcontainedthissentence:乌干达一政党领袖给新闻界的一封信中有一句这样写道:Letusallfightthisselfishness,opportunism,cowardiceandignorancenowrifeinUgandaandputintheirplacetruth,manliness,consistencyandsingularityofmind.让我们打破这自私、投机、怯懦和无知充斥的乌干达,代之以真理,刚毅,坚定和奇异的精神。Thisstirringappealisspoiltbyamalapropisminthelastphrase,thewordsingularity.Whatthewritermeant,Ithink,wassinglenessofmind,holdingsteadfastlytothepurposeinmind,withoutbeingdrawnasidebylessworthyobjects.Singularitymeansoddityorpeculiarity,somethingthatsinglesamanoutfromothermen这一激动人心的呼吁被最后一个词“奇异(singularity)”的误用破坏掉了。我猜想作者真正要表达的意思是思想的专一,即抱定一个信念永不改变,咬定青山不放松,不被次要的目的干扰。而singularity指的是古怪,特性,是将一个人从众多人中区分出来的那种东西。Withoutbeingamalapropism,awordmaystillfailtobetherightwordforthewriter’spurpose,the“motjuste”.Ajournalist,writingaleaderaboutChristmas,introducedaquotationfromDickensbysaying:即使没有出现词语误用,这词仍可能不是符合作者意图的恰如其分的词。一名记者在一篇有关圣诞节的社论中这样引出狄更斯的话:AllthatwaseverthoughtorwrittenaboutChristmasisimprisonedinthissentence….Imprisonmentsuggestsforce,coercion(强迫),asifthemeaningwereheldagainstitswill.Itwouldbebettertowritecontainedorsummedup.Epitomized(集中体现)mightdo,thoughitisratheraclumsy-soundingword.Searchingalittlefartherforthe“motjuste”wemighthitontheworddistilled(提取).Thishasmoreforcethancontainedorsummedup.Distillationsuggestsessenceandwemightfurtherimprovethesentencebyaddingthiswordatthebeginning:任何有关圣诞节的想法和文字已经被禁锢(imprisoned)在这句话中……“Imprisonment”暗示着强迫,威逼,这么一来似乎意思是有悖其初衷的。用“包含(contained)”或“归结(summedup)”就要好些。“概括(epitomized)”也行,尽管听起来有点僵硬。稍微再用点心我们就能准确地找到“motjuste(恰倒好处的词)”,那就是“dist
本文标题:新编英语教程5课文翻译(unit1-15)
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