哥特式建筑简介(英文版)

GothicArchitectureBriefIntroduction•GothicArchitecture,isastyleofarchitecturewhichflourishedduringthepeakandtheendofmiddleages.ItevolvedfromRomanesqueArchitectureandwassucceededbyRenaissanceArchitecture.•OriginatinginFranceinthe12thcenturyandlastingintothe16thcentury,GothicArchitecturewasknownduringtheperiodas“theFrenchStyle”,whilethetermGothicfirstappearingduringthelatterpartoftheRenaissance.HistoryEarlyperiod:ThefirstGothicchurchistheCathedralofSaintDenis,builtinFrancein1143.CathedralofSaintDenis(圣丹尼大教堂）HistoryClassicperiod:Fromlate1100stomiddle1200s.Duringthisperiod,manyworld-famousGothicchurcheswerebuiltonebyone,suchasNotre-DameCathedralandCologneCathedral.Notre-DameCathedral（巴黎圣母院）CologneCathedral（科隆大教堂）HistoryLaterperiod:RayonnantGothicandFlamboyantGothicwasdevelopeduntilitwasreplacedbyRenaissanceStyleinthe1500s.EgliseNotre-DameduSablon:AflamboyantgothiccathedrallyingintheedgeofSabloninBrussels.HistoryRevivalperiod:Beganin1740’sinEngland.DuringtheRevivalthegothicstylewasusedforitspicturesqueandromanticqualitiesinsteadofitsstructuralpossibilitiesororiginalfunctions.PalaceofWestminster,whichisalsocalledHousesofParliament,isoneoftherepresentativeworksofGothicRevivalArchitectureCharacteristicsInGothicarchitecture,auniquecombinationofexistingtechnologiesestablishedtheemergenceofanewbuildingstyle.Thosetechnologiesincludethepointedarch（尖肋拱顶），theflyingbuttress（飞扶壁）andthestainedglass(花窗玻璃）.PointedArchissimplyknownastheGothicarchandwasreconstructedfromcylindricalvault（圆筒形拱顶）ofRomanArchitecture.Therearefourstonesattheendofthearchsupportingthepowerfromthetopsothattheheightandthespanofthearchcanbemadeaslargeandhighaspossible.Itisinterestingtonotethatarchitectsofthemodernworldbelievethatthepointedarchwasactuallytheresultofanattempttohidetechnicalflaws.①尖肋拱顶PointedArchCharacteristics②飞扶壁flyingbuttressAFlyingButtressisaspecifictypeofbuttress.Theoriginalbuttresswassolidandcoveredbytheroof.HoweverthebuttresswithGothicstyleisexposedouttobeknownasflyingbuttress.Theyareusedtotransmitthehorizontalthrustofavaultacrossaninterventingspaceandtosharethepressurefromthemainwalls.Theemploymentoftheflyingbuttressmeansthattheloadbearingwallscancontaincut-outs,suchasforlargewindows,thatwouldotherwiseweakenthem.CharacteristicsCharacteristicsFlyingbuttressiscoveredwithcomplicateddecorationsandelaboratecarvings.③花窗玻璃stainedglassGothicarchitecturegraduallyabolishesthegalleryandaisle,andincreasethesizeofwindow.Thesewindowsarehighenough,almosttobeusedasthewalls.Thestainedglass,coveredwithreligiousstorieswhichhelptoillustratethedoctrines（教义）toilliteratepeople（文盲）isofhighartisticachievement.Therearetwomaincolors,blueandred.BluesymbolizestheheavenandredsymbolizesthebloodofChrist.CharacteristicsThestainedglasscreatesamysteriousbutbrilliantscene,whichexpressespeople’slongingforheaven.CharacteristicsFranceNotreDameCathedral（巴黎圣母院）：Manynovels,moviesandmusicdramasarenamedafterit.FourFrenchGothicchurchesAmiensCathedral（亚眠主教堂）BeauvaisCathedral（博韦主教堂）LanceCathedral（兰斯主教堂）ChartresCathedral（沙特尔主教堂）EnglandSalisburyCathedral（索尔兹伯里主教堂）WestminsterCathedral（威斯敏斯特大教堂）GermanyCologneCathedral（科隆主教堂）:thethirdhighestcathedralintheworld.Combininggrandnessandexquisite,itisknownastheperfectmodelofcathedrals.ItalyMilanCathedral（米兰大教堂）:thesecondlargestcathedralsintheworld.ItisnotonlythesymbolbutalsothecenterofMilan.ChinaJinanRailwayStation(济南老火车站）：ItusedtobethelargestrailwaystationinAsiaandtheonlyarchitecturalcommunityintheworld.Thoughopposedbymanycitizensandscholars,theschemeoftearingdownthestationwascarriedoutin1992.ConclusionSinceGothicArchitectureismostfamiliarasthearchitectureofmanyofthegreatcathedrals,abbeysandparishchurchesofEurope,it'sjustlikeapieceofsolemnandholycanticlewhichexpressestheholyfaithofchristianinMiddleAges.Asyouwalkinagothicchurch,youwillfindyourselfinheaven,withearsfilledwiththescaredmelodies.