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Unit5AmericanEconomyIndustrialRevolutionThebirthoftheUnitedStatesTheIndustrialRevolutionAdamSmithwasaScottishsocialphilosopherandapioneerofpoliticaleconomy.TheWealthofNations,isconsideredasthefirstmodernworkofeconomics.Smithiswidelycitedasthefatherofmoderneconomicsandcapitalism.TwoGreenhousesforIndustrialGrowthinU.S.1.Politicalleaders’decisionsAlexanderHamilton&protectivetariff2.ImmigrationpopulationfromEuropesensitivewithrevolutionAmericanindustrialdevelopment’sneeds--skilledartisans,laborscarce--newmethodwelcomedFourMajorDevelopments1.IntroductionofthefactorysystemthefirstfactoryinU.S.,1793cottontextilemill,RhodeIslandSamuelSlater1793,cottonclothfactoryBuiltmachinefrommemoryTheNortheasternregion:themanufacturingcenterTheSouthernregion:cottonplantbaseTheresult:US-amajorcottonproducerFiveMajorDevelopments2.The“Americansystem”ofmassproductionoriginatedinfirearmsindustry,1800EliWhitney:cottongin,makingrifleswithmachinery,interchangeablepartsHenryFord:“movingassemblyline”“scientificmanagement”-lowercostsandefficiencyModernmanagementoriginatedinUSMarketingandinnovationMassproductionMassproductionistheproductionoflargeamountsofstandardizedproducts,includingandespeciallyonassemblylines.Thetermmassproductionwasdefinedina1926articleintheEncyclopediaBritannicasupplementthatwaswrittenbasedoncorrespondencewithFordMotorCo..TheNewYorkTimesusedtheterminthetitleofanarticlebeforepublicationoftheBritannicaarticle.FiveMajorDevelopments3.Newtechnologyinindustrialtaskssteamengine—replacewaterturbinesSteamboats;locomotives;textileindustry,after1860Inventionsin19th&20thcenturyResult:economicactivitiesincreasedThe19thCenturyThe20thCenturyFiveMajorDevelopments4.NewformsofbusinessorganizationsthefirstAmericancommercialbank,1780s1863,standardpapercurrencyCorporationvs.soleproprietorshipandthepartnershipOnedistinguishedfeatureofcorporation:limitedliability有限责任公司?Co.Ltd.Dollars美元介绍:1.美元的纸币有7种,分别是1元、2元、5元、10元、20元、50元和100元。美元的铸币有6种,分别是1分、5分、10分、25分、50分和1元。钞面人物:美国1、2届总统乔治·华盛顿钞面人物第3届美国总统杰斐逊钞面人物:美国第16届总统亚伯拉罕·林肯钞面人物:美国第1任财政部长汉密尔顿钞面人物:美国第7届美国总统安德鲁·杰克逊钞面人物:第18届总统尤利西斯·格兰特·葛伦钞面人物:著名科学家、金融家、政治家本杰明.富兰克林钞面人物:第二十五任总统WilliamMckinley钞面人物:第22及24任总统StephenClevelandLimitedliabilityItisaconceptthatthevalueofaperson'sinvestmentinacompanyorpartnershipwithlimitedliability.Ifacompanywithlimitedliabilityissued,thentheplaintiffsaresuingthecompany,notitsownersorinvestors.Ashareholderinalimitedcompanyisnotpersonallyliableforanyofthedebtsofthecompany,otherthanforthevalueoftheirinvestmentinthatcompany.usuallythatperson'sdividendsinthecompanybeingzero,sincethecompanyhasnoprofitstoallocate.Bycontrast,soleproprietorsandpartnersingeneralpartnershipsareeachliableforallthedebtsofthebusiness(unlimitedliability).FiveMajorDevelopments5.Theconstructionofrailroads---aneweraActofincorporation,1837,ConnecticutTheconstructionofrailroadswithlargeinfusionsofprivatecapitalfromEuropeAfterthecivilwar,theprosperityofheavyindustryThecensusof1890,theoutputofAmericanfactoriesfirstwentbeyondfarmsBy1945,UShadthegreatestproductivecapacityoftheworldHightechvs.traditionalindustryServiceindustry&“post-industrialera”Serviceindustry自20世纪60年代以来,美国服务业呈快速上升趋势。1960-1999年,服务业增加值比重由57.9%上升到78%,就业比重由56.2%上升到76.6%。(全国四分之三的劳力从事服务业。)工业增加值由36.6%下降到20.18%,就业比重由32.8%下降到20.9%。1999-2009年,服务业增加值稳步上升,就业比重由77%上升到82%,第二产业增加值呈下降趋势,下降到16.06%,就业比重下降到15.63%。农业比重稳定。Serviceindustry美国是目前全球最大的服务业进出口国和顺差国,服务业非常发达,在其国民经济中占有极其重要的位置。美国服务业的出口形式主要有直接出口和间接出口两种。直接出口:直接向其他国家输出劳务人员和提供服务,如旅游业、运输业和建筑服务业等。间接出口:在国外建立跨国服务机构和提供银行、保险、咨询、广告、会计、餐饮和娱乐等服务。FreeEnterpriseCapitalismLaissez-faireEconomicfreedomStockexchangeCapitalismCapitalismisaneconomicsysteminwhichthemeansofproduction(生产资料)areprivatelyownedandoperatedforprofit,usuallyincompetitivemarkets.politicaleconomistsemphasizeprivateproperty,powerrelations,wagelabor,classandregardcapitalismasauniquehistoricalformation.Laissez-faire(自由放任资本主义)ItisFrenchandliterallymeansletdo,butitbroadlyimpliesletitbe,orleaveitalone.Ineconomics,laissez-fairedescribesanenvironmentinwhichtransactionsbetweenprivatepartiesarefreefromstateintervention,includingrestrictiveregulations,taxes,tariffsandenforcedmonopolies.Economicfreedom&freemarketThefreemarketviewpointunderstandseconomiclibertyasthefreedomtoproduce,tradeandconsumeanygoodsandservicesacquiredwithouttheuseofforce,fraudortheft.Thisisembodiedintheruleoflaw,propertyrightsandfreedomofcontract,andcharacterizedbyexternalandinternalopennessofthemarkets,theprotectionofpropertyrightsandfreedomofeconomicinitiative.stockexchangeAstockexchangeisanentitythatprovidesservicesforstockbrokers(证劵经纪人)andtraderstotradestocks,bonds,andothersecurities(有价证劵).NotallbusinessessellstockPubliclimitedcompany&privatecompanyTheNewYorkStockExchange(NYSE)isastockexchangelocatedat11WallStreetinlowerManhattan,NewYorkCity,USA.Itistheworld'slargeststockexchangebymarketcapitalizationofitslistedcompaniesatUS$28.5trillionasofMay2008.AveragedailytradingvaluewasapproximatelyUS$153billionin2008.TheNYSEisoperatedbyNYSEEurone
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