Immanuel-Kant-康德-简介

ImmanuelKantWPSOFFICEContentsImmanuelKantBriefIntroductionPhilosophyEvaluationText1.BriefIntroduction--------------------------------------BriefIntroductionAmajorfigureinthehistoryanddevelopmentofphilosophyGermanandEuropeanthinkingprogressedafterhistime,andhisinfluencestillinspiresphilosophicalworktoday.Kantpublishedotherimportantworksonethics,religion,law,aesthetics,astronomy,andhistory.康德的一生可以以1770年为标志分为前期和后期两个阶段，前期主要研究自然科学，后期则主要研究哲学。“记述康德传记是困难的。为什么呢？因为他没有生活，也没有事件。他在柯尼斯堡闲静偏僻的小路上，度过了机械地定规的差不多是抽象的独身生活。…这个人外面的生活，和他那破坏的、粉碎世界的思想，是奇妙的对照！…”BriefIntroductionPhilosophyEvaluationText2.PhilosophyThreeCritiques--------------------------------------Philosophy:ThreeCritiques“Humanconceptsandcategoriesstructureourviewoftheworldanditslaws.”“Reasonisthesourceofmorality.”1.CritiqueofPureReason:Epistemology(知识论)2.CritiqueofPracticalReason:Ethics(伦理学)3.CritiqueofJudgment:Aesthetics(美学)BriefIntroductionPhilosophyEvaluationText--------------------------------------Philosophy:ThreeCritiques“Humanconceptsandcategoriesstructureourviewoftheworldanditslaws.”“Reasonisthesourceofmorality.”1.CritiqueofPureReason:Epistemology(知识论)Reason+ExperienceA.TranscendentalAesthetic先验感性论B.TranscendentalLogic先验逻辑论C.TranscendentalAnalysis先验分析论D.TranscendentalDialectics先验辨证论E.TranscendentalMethodology先验方法论Space&TimeCause&EffectNoumenalWorld(本体)——PhenomenalWorld——SensesBriefIntroductionPhilosophyEvaluationText--------------------------------------Philosophy:ThreeCritiques“Humanconceptsandcategoriesstructureourviewoftheworldanditslaws.”“Reasonisthesourceofmorality.”MetaphysicsEpistemologyEthicsPoliticalphilosophyAesthetics2.CritiqueofPracticalReason:Ethics(伦理学)CategoriesofFreedom3functions:asconditionsofthepossibilityforactions(i)tobefree,(ii)tobecomprehensibleasfree,(iii)tobemorallyevaluated.康德认为真正的道德行为是纯粹基于义务而做的行为，而为实现某一个个人功利目的而做事情就不能被认为是道德的行为。行为后果——行为动机只有当我们遵守道德法则时，我们才是自由的，因为我们遵守的是我们自己制定的道德准则，而如果只是因为自己想做而做，则没有自由可言，因为你就成为各种事物的奴隶。BriefIntroductionPhilosophyEvaluationText--------------------------------------Philosophy:ThreeCritiquesBriefIntroductionPhilosophyEvaluationText“Humanconceptsandcategoriesstructureourviewoftheworldanditslaws.”“Reasonisthesourceofmorality.”3.CritiqueofJudgment:Aesthetics(美学)possibilityandlogicalstatusof“judgmentsoftaste”Beauty:notpropertyofanartworkornaturalphenomenonaconsciousness'freeplay'oftheimaginationandtheunderstandingAlthoughusingreasontodecidewhatisbeautifulthejudgmentisnotacognitivejudgment,notlogical,butaestheticalemotionalresponseofthesubjectesteemforanobjectitselfdisinterestedpleasure——universalvaliditynotadeterminateconceptofbeautybutcommonsenseamoraljudgement:botharedisinterested,anduniversal3EvaluationOnKant--------------------------------------EvaluationonKantBriefIntroductionPhilosophyEvaluationText1.Accomplishment:paradigmshift(范例转换)humansubject/knower:centerofinquiryintoourknowledgeinventionofcriticalphilosophycreationofconditionsofpossibility“objectiveexperience——humanmindmoralautonomyascentraltohumanityhumanbeingsshouldbetreatedasendsratherthanasmeans2.CritiquesHegal:defend“freedomasgoingbeyondfinitedesires”Schopenhauer:“看来，对康德的最好界定是要说：他不理解直观。”叔本华发现直观不仅是感性的而且还是理智的。叔本华屏弃了康德的‘对象’概念，认为“我们直观到的对象直接就是诸事物而不是和事物本身不同的表象”4Text--------------------------------------TextBriefIntroductionPhilosophyEvaluationTextAnsweringtheQuestion:WhatisEnlightenment?InKant‘sessay“AnsweringtheQuestion:WhatisEnlightenment?”,KantdefinedtheEnlightenmentasanageshapedbytheLatinmottoSapereaude(Daretobewise).Kantmaintainedthatoneoughttothinkautonomously,freeofthedictatesofexternalauthority.--------------------------------------FreeyourmindWPSOFFICEThanksForyourtime