美国文学walt-whitman

Walter“Walt”Whitman沃尔特·惠特曼(May31,1819–March26,1892)wasanAmericanpoet,essayist随笔作家,andjournalist新闻工作者.•Life•Career•Achievement•Works•InfluenceLife•WaltWhitmanwasbornonMay31,1819inLongIsland长岛。Hisfamilyisaworking-class.•Atagefour,WhitmanmovedwithhisfamilyfromWestHillstoBrooklyn布鲁克林,livinginaseriesofhomes,inpartduetobadinvestments.•AtageelevenWhitmanconcludedformalschooling.Hethensoughtemploymentforfurtherincomeforhisfamily;Heonlyhadfiveyearsofschooling.LocationofBrooklyn,showninred,inNewYorkCity•LocationofBrooklyn,showninred,inNewYorkCity•Hetriedvariousjobsincludingofficeboy,printer,schoolmaster,editorofeightsuccessivenewspaper,journalist.•Atageelevenhewasanofficeboyfortwolawyersandlaterwasanapprentice学徒ofprinter•Atageofsixteen,asateacherintheone-roomschoolhousesofLongIsland.•Atageoftwenty-two,heturnedtojournalismasafull-timecareer.•Atageoftwenty-sevenhewaseditoroftheBrooklynEagle《布鲁克林之鹰》CareerCareer•Atageoftwenty-nineWhitmanlosthispositionbecausehispoliticalstandpointwasoppositetohisboss.attheBrooklynEagleaftersidingwiththeDemocraticparty民主党againstthenewspaper‘sowner,IsaacVanAnden,whobelongedtoRepublicanparty共和党•DuringtheCivilWar南北战争,Whitmanworkedasavolunteernurse,a“wounddresser”inmilitaryhospitals.•AftertheCivilWarHeworkedasaclerkinthehomeofficebutwasfiredbecausethehomeofficeminister部长dislikedhisworkLeavesOfGrass百草集Civilwar南北战争•TheAmericanCivilWarwasaninternalconflictfoughtintheUnitedStatesfrom1861to1865.•TheUnionfacedsecessionistsinelevenSouthernstatesgroupedtogetherastheConfederateStates南方联邦ofAmerica.TheUnionwonthewar北方联邦.•Inordertosafeguardtheunificationofthecountry,then,TheUnionevolvedintoarevolutionarywaragainstslavery消灭奴隶制.AchievementIn1842HepublishedhisfirstnovelFranklinEvans《富兰克林·埃文斯》In1855,WhitmanhepublishedthefirsteditionofLeavesofGrasswithhisownmoney,whichconsistedoftwelveuntitledpoemsandapreface.Atthatyearhisfatherdied.In1856Whitmanreleasedasecondeditionofthebook,containingthirty-threepoems,aletterfromRalphWaldoEmerson拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生praisingthefirstedition,andalongopenletterbyWhitmaninresponse.RalphWaldoEmerson•RalphWaldoEmerson拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生(May25,1803–April27,1882),wasanAmericanessayist,lecturer,andpoet.EmersonwastherepresentativeofAmericanculturalspirit确立美国文化精神的代表人Achievement•In1865Lincolnwasassassinated暗杀,Waltwasinmourning悼念forLincolntowriteWhenLilacsLastintheDooryardBloom《最近紫丁香在庭院里开放的时候》•DuringcivilwarhiscollectionofpoemsDrum-Taps《桴鼓集》publishedinLeavesOfGrass.•In1876HepublishedthesixtheditionofLeavesOfGrassTocommemoratethe100anniversaryofthedeclarationofindependence纪念独立宣言的100周年•In1885Tocommemoratethe20anniversaryofthedeathofLincolnhemadepoem《献给那个被钉在十字架上的人》latercollectedintoLeavesOfGrass•1891年thenintheditionthatisthelasteditionofLeavesOfGrasswaspublished.In1861Walt’manuscriptWitches•Whitmandiedin1892becauseofhisbadhealth.Heunmarrriedallhislife.•HewasburiedinHarleigh（哈利公墓）hedesigned.Works•FranklinEvans(1842)•--《富兰克林·埃文斯》•LeavesOfGrass(1855)nineeditions九版--《草叶集》•Drum-Taps(1865)《桴鼓集》•SpecimenDays(1882)--《典型的日子》Songofmyself自我之歌OCaptain!myCaptain!啊，船长！我的船长！WhenLilacsLastintheDooryardBloom《最近紫丁香在庭院里开放的时候》Isitandlookout坐观世界SongofmyselfIcelebratemyself,andsingmyself,我赞美我自己，歌颂我自己，AndwhatIassumeyoushallassume,我所承担的一切,你也必须承担，Foreveryatombelongingtomeasgoodbelongstoyou.因为属于我的每一个原子,也同样属于你。Iloafeandinvitemysoul,我闲游,并邀我的灵魂同往，Ileanandloafeatmyeaseobservingaspearofsummergrass.我悠闲地俯视一片夏天的草叶。SongofmyselfMytongue,everyatomofmyblood,form‘dfromthissoil,thisair,我的舌头，我血液中的每个原子，都由这泥土、这空气所形成Bornhereofparentsbornherefromparentsthesame,andtheirparentsthesame,我生于这里，我的父母生于这里，他们的父母也生于这里，I,nowthirty-sevenyearsoldinperfecthealthbegin,我如今三十七岁，在健康良好的状况下出发，Hopingtoceasenottilldeath.愿至死方休。Creedsandschoolsinabeyance,教条和学派先放一旁，Retiringbackawhilesufficedatwhattheyare,butneverforgotten,让他们暂且后退，满足于现状，但不被遗忘，Iharborforgoodorbad,Ipermittospeakateveryhazard,我心怀善与恶，我要不顾一切地述说，Naturewithoutcheckwithoriginalenergy.自然那原始的活力，不受任何的阻扰。LeavesOfGrassThemeofLeavesOfGrassInthisgiantwork,openness,freedom,andaboveall,individualismareallthatconcernedhim.Transcendentpoweroflove,brotherhood,andcomradeship（同志关系）Whitmanextols赞美theidealsofequality平等anddemocracy民主andcelebratesthedignity尊严,theself-reliantspirit自力更生的精神andthejoyofthecommonman.Whitman’spoeticStyle1.TheuseofthepoeticI.2.Theuseoffreeverse.3.Theuseofparallelismandphoneticrecurrence.1.InthebookofpoemsLeavesofGrass,hegaveAmericaitsfirstgenuineepicpoem史诗.2.Thepoeticstylehedevisedisnowcalledfreeverse自由体.3.Whitman'sinfluenceovermodernpoetryisgreatintheworldaswellasinAmerica.HisbestworkhasbecomepartofthecommonpropertyofWesternculture.LiteraryinfluenceLiteraryinfluence1.InthebookofpoemsLeavesofGrass,hegaveAmericaitsfirstgenuineepicpoem史诗.2.Thepoeticstylehedevisedisnowcalledfreeverse自由体.3.Whitman'sinfluenceovermodernpoetryisgreatintheworldaswellasinAmerica.HisbestworkhasbecomepartofthecommonpropertyofWesternculture.•HisImportance•1)HeisthegreattypicalAmericanpoetinAmerica.•2)Whitman’sgreatcontributiontoAmericanliteratureishisuseoffreeverse自由体.•3)histhoughtofdemocracy民主havebeeninfluentialinworldliteratur