生态学中的干扰理论与应用实例-魏斌

魏　斌　张　霞　吴热风(北京大学环境科学中心,100871)TheoreticalAnalysisofDisturbanceinEcologyanditsApplication.WeiBin,ZhangXiaandWuRefeng(CenterforEnvironmentalSciences,BejingUniversity,100871):ChineseJournalofEcol-ogy,1996,15(6):50～54.Thepapermakeasystematicexpositionofconcept,classificationandcharactersofdisturbanceinecology,andemphaticallydiscussedaboutgeneraltheoryandlawsaboutdisturbanceinlandscapeecology,includingtheoryofDisturbance-Hierarchies,principleofDisturbance-Scaleandlawofspreadofdisturbance.Meantime,applicationofthetheoryofdisturbanceofvegetationsystematic,ecologicalvulnerabilityandrestorationecologywasdealtwith.KeyWords:disturbance,landscapeecology,buffercapacity,restorationecology,ecologicalvulnera-bility.:　,,28,。1993,,,3,2。1　。Bazzaz“,,”[2]。White,“、,、”[13]。,,Turner、,“、,、(Substrate),”[12]。,,、,、、。:①。,、;,。②。(),;(、、),,。③、、。;,;,　1996,15(6):50～54ChineseJournalofEcology　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　DOI:10.13292/j.1000-4890.1996.0024、、、、、、,,;、[14]。,,,、,、。。[6]。、、、、、()()[13](1)。1　Tab.1Thegeneralcharactersofdisturbanceandexplanation　　　　　　　　　　、、、　　,　　,　、()　、　(,)　　。,。,。,;、、,。、、。:①,。②(),-。③(、),。2　2.1　,。(),;(1)。()()1　(O'Neill,1986)Fig.1　Themodellingofhierarchy　　※※※※※,、、(2)[10]。(),、、;,(、,;,),,。51　:2　Tab.2　Researchlevelanddisturbance(※)A.＊、、B.＊C.＊　＊()2.2　。Risser[9],、,。()(),2。a45123↓↑1012108104100106103　　　　(m2)1.;2.;3.;4.;5.2　(Forman,Godron,1986)Fig.2　Therelationshipbetweendisturbanceandtemporalandspatialscale,,。,,,。,,。2.3　,,①;②。①:,,Pickett,Whilte,[13]。②:,,～();(),。()。,。,,。3　3.1　:.。FormanBoemer,()[3]。,,。,,52　15　6,。3.2　,,(3)。3　Tab.3　Thepredictionofdisturbance5%55%～75%,5%75%～95%,5%50%95%95%　　3,(),,,。,。[1]。,:①,(softsystem),;,[11]。②、,。。[5]:(ecologicalsensitivity)(ecologicalresilience),、。,,,,[8]。(degreeofvulerability)-1)。:V=α·S(t)/R(t)⑴S(t)=dYi(t)/dtdXj(t)/dt⑵,S(t),R(t),V,α,Yi,Xj。,-2),-(disturbance-respondsmatrix,1)　..,,1993.2).,,,1995,18.4　-(1～10)Tab.4D-Rmatrixofdifferentgeomorphologyunits　A1A2A3A4　B1B2B3B4B5　C1C2C3C4C5C6　345684158756776　134458466657789336742387434458　872612413978891　128975578876667　564473143683342788981283565553D-Rmatrix)(4)。　　,Xw=(0.2,0.2,0.1,0.1,0.1,53　:0.1,0.2),S(t)=M×Xw/10=(0.39,0.48,0.56,0.68,0.52,0.32,0.35,0.64,0.53,0.59,0.59,0.65,0.60,0.62,0.54)。Rij=(R1,R2,R3)=(1.1,1.0,0.85);。α1.0。⑴:V=(0.36,0.44,0.51,0.47,0.32,0.35,0.64,0.53,0.59,0.69,0.76,0.71,0.73,0.6,0.64)。,5。　　5V6。5　Tab.5Thegradeofvulnerability0.3～0.40.4～0.50.5～0.60.6～0.70.7～0.86　Tab.6Thedegreeofvulnerabilityofdifferentgeomorphologyunit　A1A2A3A4　B1B2B3B4B5　C1C2C3C4C5C6　　,:①,。②,。[1]　AReportfromTheEcologicalSocietyofAmerica,Theustainablebiospkereinitiative:anecologicalre-searchagenda,Ecology,1991,72(2):371～412.[2]　Bazzaz,F.A.CharacteristicsofPopulationinRela-tiontoDisturbance,andLandscapeEcology.Land-scapeHeterogeneityandDisturbance.EditedbyM.G.TurnerSpringer-Verlag,NewYork,1987,213～229.[3]　Forman,R.T.T.andBoerher,R.E.J.Firefre-quencyinthepinebarrensofNewJersey-Bull.Mem.TorreyBot.Club.,1981,108:34～50.[4]　Forman,R.T.T.GordronLandscapeEcology.Wi-ley&Sons,NewYork,1986.[5]　HisaoNakajima.SensitivityandStabilityofFlowNetworks.EcologicalModelling,1992,62:123～133.[6]　NinaF.Caraco,.DisturbanceofthePhosphorusCycle:AcaseofIndirectEffectsofhumanActivi-ty.Tree,1993,8(2).[7]　O'Neil,R.V.etal.AHierarchicalConceptofE-cosystem.PrincetonUniversityPress,Princeton,NewJersey,1986.[8]　R.Buckleg.PerspectivesinEnvironmentalMa-negement,Springes-verleg2ndEnvironmentalSen-sitivityMap:AReginalPlanningTool.1991.[9]　Risser,R.G.etal.LandscapeEcologyDirectionsandApproaches.IllinoisNaturalHistorySurveySpecialPublication,1984,No.2.[10]　S.T.A.Pickett,etal.TheEcologicalconceptofdisturbanceanditsexpressionatvarioushierachicallevels.Oikos,1989,54:129～130.[11]　S.E.J.Rgensen.Ecosystemtheory,ecologicalbuffercapacityuncertaintyandcomplexity.Eco-logicalModelling,1990,52:125～133.[12]　Turner,M.G.etal.Predictingthespreadofdis-turbanceinheterogeneouslandscape.Oikos,1989,55:121～129.[13]　White,Pickett.Theecologyofnaturaldisturbanceandpatchdynamics.AcademicPress;Orlando,1985.[14]　　..,1994.(:199557,:821)54　15　6