语言学Meaning

ChapterFiveMeaning1.ThemeaningofmeaningC.K.Ogden&I.A.Richards(1923).TheMeaningofMeaning.Johnmeanstowrite.Agreenlightmeanstogo.Meaninghasbeenstudiedforthousandsofyearsbyphilosophers,logiciansandlinguists.E.g.Plato&Aristotle.荀子：名无固宜，约之以命，约定俗成谓之宜，异于约则谓之不宜。名无固实，约之以命实，约定俗成谓之实名。名有固善，径易而不拂，谓之善名。物有同状而异所者，有异状而同所者，可别也。TheNamingTheoryPlato:Meaningiswhatalinguisticsignrefersto.Theearliestrationalthinkingaboutmeaning.Aplainunderstandingandconformstotheintuitionofordinarypeople.Itistoosimpletoregardmeaningasadirectconnectbetweenalinguisticsignandanobjectintheouterworld.TheSemanticTriangleOgden&Richards:Words→Concepts→Things:thought/concept/imagesymbolizesreferstosymbolreferent(word)standsfor(object)airplaneContextualismLudwigWittgenstein:‘Themeaningofawordisitsuseinthelanguage’.RecognizesthesignificanceofContextandhencegivesbirthtoanewbranchoflinguistics—pragmatics.Thetotaldenialofmeaningoutofcontextwouldleadtoagnosticism.BehaviorismJillJackS_____________r…..s____________RTheTruth-conditionTheoryCognitivismGeoffreyLeech(1974,1981).Semantics:TheStudyofMeaning.Seventypesofmeaning:ConceptualmeaningConnotativemeaningSocialmeaningAffectivemeaningReflectedandmeaningCollocativemeaningThematicmeaningAssociativeMeaning(1)ConceptualmeaningAlsocalled‘denotative’or‘cognitive’meaning.Referstological,cognitiveordenotativecontent.Concernedwiththerelationshipbetweenawordandthethingitdenotes,orrefersto.(2)ConnotativemeaningThecommunicativevalueanexpressionhasbyvirtueofwhatitrefersto,overandaboveitspurelyconceptualcontent.Amultitudeofadditional,non-criterialproperties,includingnotonlyphysicalcharacteristicsbutalsopsychologicalandsocialproperties,aswellastypicalfeatures.Involvingthe‘realworld’experienceoneassociateswithanexpressionwhenoneusesorhearsit.Unstable:theyvaryconsiderablyaccordingtoculture,historicalperiod,andtheexperienceoftheindividual.Anycharacteristicofthereferent,identifiedsubjectivelyorobjectively,maycontributetotheconnotativemeaningoftheexpressionwhichdenotesit.Stepmother(3)Socialmeaning(Stylisticmeaning)Whatapieceoflanguageconveysaboutthesocialcircumstancesofitsuse.Dialect:thelanguageofageographicalregionorofasocialclass.Time:thelanguageofthe18thc.,etc.Province:languageoflaw,ofscience,ofadvertising,etc.Status:polite,colloquial,slang,etc.Modality:languageofmemoranda,lectures,jokes,etc.Singularity:thestyleofDickens,etc.伍谦光：表示个性的风格（如某人的个人特殊风格）方言不同历史时期的语言不同的交际手段（口头语或书面语）不同的交际方式（独白、对话等）较为持久的风格篇章风格较为短暂的风格不同行业的用语（如法律用语、科技用语等）不同使用层次的用语（正式的、口语化用语、俚语等）作家有意识创造的特殊风格domicile:veryformal,officialresidence:formalabode:poetichome:generalsteed:poetichorse:generalnag:slanggee-gee:babylanguageTheychuckedastoneatthecops,andthendidabunkwiththeloot.Aftercastingastoneatthepolice,theyabscondedwiththemoney.ThefiveclocksbyMartinJoosFrozenFormalConsultativeCasualIntimateformal------------------------------InformalVisitorswouldmaketheirwayatoncetotheup-perfloorbywayofthestaircase.Visitorsshouldgoupthestairsatonce.Wouldyoumindgoingupstairsrightaway，please？Timeyouallwentupstairsnow.Upyougo，chaps！(4)AffectivemeaningReflectingthepersonalfeelingsofthespeaker,includinghisattitudetothelistener,orhisattitudetosomethingheistalkingabout.You’reavicioustyrantandavillainousreprobate,andIhateyouforit!Sheisanangelofawife.I’mterriblysorrytointerrupt,butIwonderifyouwouldbesokindastoloweryourvoicesalittle.Willyoubeltup?‘Colorful’meaningCommendatorytough-mindedresolute,firmshrewdchildlikewisemanmanofusualtalentportly,stout,solid,plumslender,slimDerogatoryruthlessobstinatesly,craftychildishwiseguyfreakfleshy,fat,tubbylean,skinny,lanky,weedy,scraggy(5)ReflectedmeaningArisesincasesofmultipleconceptualmeaning,whenonesenseofawordformspartofourresponsetoanothersense.Whenyouhear‘clickthemousetwice’,youthinkofGerrybeinghittwicebyTomsoyoufeelexcited.Manytabootermsareresultsofthis.cock,intercourse,erection(6)CollocativemeaningTheassociationsawordacquiresonaccountofthemeaningsofwordswhichtendtooccurinitsenvironment.pretty:girl,boy,woman,flower,garden,colour,village,etc.handsome:boy,man,car,vessel,overcoat,airliner,typewriter,etc.(7)ThematicmeaningWhatiscommunicatedbythewayinwhichaspeakerorwriterorganizesthemessage,intermsofordering,focus,andemphasis.Mrs.BessieSmithdonatedthefirstprize.ThefirstprizewasdonatedbyMrs.BessieSmith.Theystoppedattheendofthecorridor.Attheendofthecorridor,theystopped.2.SemanticsSemanticsisthestudyofmeaninginlanguage.Staticmeaning:semanticsdynamicmeaning:pragmaticslexicalmeaning:lexicalsemanticsSententialmeaning:formal/logicalsemanticsThreeapproachestolexicalsemanticsthecontextual/holisticapproachthecomponential/localisticapproach\theconceptualapproachReferenceandsenseReference:howlanguagereferstothisexternalworldSense:thewaypeoplerelatewordstoeachotherwithintheframeworkoftheirlanguage3.SenseRelations:thecontextualapproachdogcatanimalbarktailheadkenneltigerhousemanzoo3.1SynonymyAbsolutesynonymynearly/almostWe’reverynearly/almosthome.Helooksalmost/nearlyChinese.big/la