language-and-culture大学英语语言学课件

LanguageandCulture4Whatisculture?Culture,inabroadsense,meansthetotalwayoflifeofapeople,includingthepatternsofbelief,customs,objects,institutions,techniques,andlanguagethatcharacterizesthelifeofthehumancommunity.5Whatisculture?Inanarrowsense,culturemayrefertolocalorspecificpractice,beliefsorcustoms,whichcanbemostlyfoundinfolkculture,enterprisecultureorfoodcultureetc.6twotypesofculturematerialculture:Materialculture,asthetermitselfsuggests,isconcrete,substantialandobservable.spiritualculture:theproductsofmind(ideologies,beliefs,valuesandconceptsoftimeandspace,forexample),abstract,ambiguous,andhidden.7languageandcultureThesamewordmaystirupdifferentassociationsinpeople.AnexampleIntheUnitedStates,theworddoginmostinstancesconjuresupanimageofafurry,domesticatedfamilypet.Insomeareasoftheworld,suchasHongKong,however,dogsareconsideredtobeaculinaryamenityandoftenareeaten.8‘Bomb’Inunitedstates,itmeansthatsomethingisamassivefailure.Thus,thesentence‘Theprojectisabomb.”maymean‘Theprojectisafailure.’InBritain,ifapersonsays‘Theprojectwentabomb.’,hemeansitisahugesuccess.9TherelationshipbetweenlanguageandcultureTheinfluenceoflanguageonculture:languagesymbolizesculturalreality.alanguagenotonlyexpressesfacts,ideas,oreventswhichrepresentsimilarworldknowledgebyitspeople,butalsoreflectsthepeople'sattitudes,beliefs,worldoutlooksetc.10TheinfluenceoflanguageoncultureLanguageasareflectionofenvironment:languagereflectstheenvironmentwelive.e.g.“camel”“snow”11TherelationshipbetweenlanguageandcultureDifferentdiscourseaccentssuggestdifferentsocialstatus.Herethediscoursecommunityreferstothecommonwaysinwhichmembersofsomesocialgroupuselanguagetomeettheirneeds.12Therelationshipbetweenlanguageandculturelanguagehasplayedamajorroleinsocializingthepeopleandincontinuingculture,especiallyinprintform.Inaddition,culturealsoaffectsitspeople'simaginationorcommondreamswhicharemediatedthroughthelanguageandreflectedintheirlife.13Sapir-WhorfHypothesis萨丕尔－沃尔夫假设thebasicideas:Thestructureofthelanguagepeoplehabituallyuseinfluencesthewaystheythinkandbehave.Differentlanguagesofferpeopledifferentwaysofexpressingtheworldaround,theythinkandspeakdifferently,thisisalsoknownaslinguisticrelativity.Languagefilterspeople'sperceptionandthewaytheycategorizeexperiences.14TwodifferentinterpretationsofthehypothesisastrongversionandaweakversionThestrongversionbelievesthatthelanguagepatternsdeterminepeople'sthinkingandbehaviorTheweakversionholdsthattheformerinfluencethelater.15TwoimportantinsightsoflinguisticrelativityorSWH(1)Thereisnowadaysarecognitionthatlanguage,ascode,reflectsculturalpreoccupationsandconstrainsthewaypeoplethink.(2)MorethaninWhorf'sdays,however,werecognizehowimportantcontextisincomplementingthemeaningsencodedinthelanguage.16LinguisticevidenceofculturaldifferencesAnylinguisticsignmaybesimultaneouslyofadenotative,connotative,oriconickindofmeanings.Thedenotativemeaning:ameaningthatcanbefoundinadictionary.Theconnotativemeaning:ameaningthatisn’tstatedbutimplied.Theiconicmeaning:afigurativeimaginationthatmanypoeticorliteraryworksuse.17LinguisticevidenceofculturaldifferencesGreetingsandtermsofaddress招呼与称呼语e.g.---Haveyoueaten?“你吃饭了吗?”(Chinese)---Howareyou?“goodmorning/afternoon”(E)e.g.---Goslowly/walkslowly/stayhere“慢走”“走好”“请留步”(Chinese)---well,hopetoseeyousoon!(English)e.g.---Grandmotheronmother’sside(外祖母)(C)Grandmotheronfather'sside(祖母)---grandmotheronmother’s/father’sside.(E)18Thanksandcompliments感谢与称赞e.g.Chinesehost:Sit,sithere.I’llgotomaketea.Chineseguest:Don’tbother.Idon’tdrink.e.g.Englishhost:takeaseatplease.Wouldyoulikesometea?Englishguest:Nothanks./yes,please.e.g.Englishhost:Wouldyoulikesometea?Chineseguest:No,don’tbother.19Thanksandcompliments感谢与称赞Thankyou,哪里,哪里Othertypesofsolutions:acceptbyagreeingA:Yourdressisverynice.B:Yeah,thisismyfavoritedress.rejectbydisagreeing(indirect/implicitrejection)A:Youdidagreatjobcleaningthehouse.B:Well,Iguessyouhaven’tseenthekid’sroom.20ThanksandcomplimentsTransfer:A:That’sanicesweater.B:Doyoulikeit?Mymotherbroughtitforme.ReturntotheSpeaker:A:That’sanicesweater.B:Yoursisnew,too,isn’tit?Thatcolorreallysuitsyou.21Colorwords颜色词CulturalassociationsofcolorcultureredyellowgreenblueEuropeN.AdangerCautioncowardiceSafetyrebirthgrowthMasculinitySweetnessCalmJapanAngerdangerGracenobilityFutureenergyyouthvillainyChinaJoypowercelebrationHonorroyaltyNoassociationNoassociationArabiccountriesNoassociationhappinessFertilityvirtueStrengthFaithtruth22Privacyandtaboos隐私与禁忌词Someofthesetaboosarelistedbelow:Howoldareyou?Whatareyourwages?Howmuchdoyouearn?Youmakealotofmoney,don'tyou?What'syourname?(BettersayMayIknowyourname?)Howmuchdidthatpairofshoescostyou?23roundingoffnumbersE.g.Americans,forinstance,prefertoroundoffnumberto4,asin4ouncesinaquarterpoundor4quartsinagallon.E.g.AFrenchmanwouldroundoffto5asheisfamiliarwiththedecimalsystem.24roundingoffnumbersE.g.InEnglishculture,forexample,aspeakerusuallystateshisageashismostrecentbirthdayfollowedbythemeasureyearsoldWeChinesealsouse“sui”(岁)inplaceoftheEnglishmea