应用化学专业英语复习资料

1一单词短语1.Molecule分子molecular分子的2.chemicalprocess化学过程element元素3.atom原子attraction吸引力4.repulsion排斥力distillation蒸馏、n5.distill蒸馏vrectification精馏6.composition构成structure结构7.property性质mass质量8.atomicweight原子量atomicnumber原子序数9.ionizationenergy电离能period周期10.group族family族11.transitiongroup过渡族maingroup主族12.ion离子substitution取代反应13.elimination消除反应nucleophilic亲核的14.nucleophilie亲核试剂electrophilie亲电试剂15.alkyl烷基的functionalgroup官能团16.halides卤素的leavinggroup离去基团17.transitionstate过渡态intermediate中间体18.reactant反应物product生成物19.concentration浓度rateequation速率方程20.constant常数ether醚21.endothermic吸热的substrate反应底物222.mechanism机理reagen试剂23.alkene烯烃exothermic放热的24.Anion阴离子nitrogen氮气25.Hydrocarbon碳氢化合物carbonhydrate碳水化合物26.Alkane烷烃substituent取代基27.Isomerism同分异构现象isomer同分异构28.Vinyl乙烯基derivatives衍生物29.acidhalides酰卤acidanhydrides酸酐30.esters酯amide酰胺31.ammoniaNH3Aceticanhydride乙酸酐32.phenol芬acid—basetitration酸碱滴定33.precipitation沉淀analyses化学分析员34.IR红外UV紫外MS质谱GC色相色谱HPLC高效液相色谱TLC薄层色谱X—rayX射线衍射二选词填空1、Wecannoweasilyaccountformanythings,whichwerethoughttobemysteriousbytheancients2、theacidactsonthemetalandagasisgivenoff.3、youshouldadaptyourselftonewwaysoflookingatmatters4、electrolyteshavemorepronouncedeffectoncolligativepropertiesthandononelectrolytes.5、ifwaterintheselakesevaporatedatthesamerateasfreshwater,bothwouldnearlydryupinamatterofyear.6、bothlaksevaporatedveryslowcomparedwitha3freshlakeoreventheocean.7、apropertythatdependsonlyontherelativeamountsofsoluteandsolventisknowasacolligativeproperty.8、forexample,bothNaCl(ionic)andHCl（polarcovalent）areclassifiedaselectrolytesbecausetheyformionsinaqueoussolution.9、whencompoundssuchasNaClandHClaredissolvedinwater,theeffectisobvious.10、ifthewiresiscut,thelightgoesoutbecausethecircuitisbroken.11、whenwiresareattachedtoachargedbatteryandthentoalightbulb,thelightshinesbrightly.12、glassandwoodaswellaspurewaterareexamplesornonconductorsofelectricity.13、othersubstancesresisttheflowofelectricityandareknownasnonconductorsorinsulators.14、ithaslongbeenknownthatthepresenceofasoluteinwatermayaffectitsabilitytoconductelectricity.15、whenthecollectionofpaperswasfirstbroughtout,itwaswellreceivedbythereviewers.16、inthesamewaythedozenorsomostcommonkindsofkindsofatomscanbeputtogetherinmanymillionsofdifferentwaystomakemolecules.17、elementsaremadeupoftinyfundamentalparticlescalledatoms.Fundamental,asitisusedhere,meansthattheycannotbefurtherdividedbyanychemicalmetheods.18、eachelementhasatomsthatisdifferentfromtheatomsofotherelements.19、itwouldnotbequiteround;onthecontraryitwouldconsistofthreepartsrepresentedbyspheres.20、itisnottobesummedupinasingleproductorword,butinanideaorbasicconcept.21、thechemicalsymbolofanelementmaystandthe4elementfor.22、therateofachemicalreactionisinfluencedbyseveralfactorssuchastemperature,concentrationofreagents,particlesize,light,andcatalyst.23、allformsoflifeinearthareverydependentonchemicalreactionsorchemicalchanges.24、achemicalreactionoccurswhenelementsandcompoundsreacttogethertoproducedifferentcompounds,orwhencompoundsbreakdownintosimplercompoundsorelements.三无机物的命名HHydrogenLiLithiumNaSodiumKPotassiumMgMagnesiumCaCalciumMnmanganeseCucopperZnzincFeironHgmercuryAgsilverAugoldCCarbonSiSiliconPbLeadAlAluminiumFFluorineClChlorineBrBromineIIodineOOxygenSSulfurNNitrogenPPhosphorus1.直呼其名，即读其元素名称+ion如：Na+sodiumionK+potassiumion2.对于有变价的金属元素，除了可用前缀来表示以外，更多采用罗马数字来表示金属的氧化态，或用后缀-ous表示低价，-ic表示5高价如：Cu+copper(Ⅰ)ion或cuprousionCu2+copper(Ⅱ)ion或cupricionFe2+iron(Ⅱ)ion或ferrousionFe3+iron(Ⅲ)ion或ferricion3.含氢酸根：酸根中的Ｈ读做hydrogen，氢原子的个数用希腊前缀表示：mono-di-tri-tetra-penta-hexa-hepta-octa-nona-deca-举例：CO32-carbonateionHCO3-hydrogencarbonateionPO43-phosphateionHPO42hydrogencarbonateionH2PO4-dihydrogenphosphateion4.结晶水读做hydrate，结晶水的个数用希腊前缀表示：mono-di-tri-tetra-penta-hexa-hepta-octa-nona-deca-CuSO4·5H2Ocopper(Ⅱ)sulfatepentahydrateAlCl3·6H2Oaluminumchloridehexahydrate5.测试Mg(OH)2magnesiumhydroxideAlCl3aluminumchlorideFeBr2iron(II)bromideCaSO4calciumsulfate6ZnCO3zinccarbonateHFhydrofluoricacidH3PO4phosphoricacidNO2nitrogendioxideCuOcopper(II)oxideAl2O3aluminumoxideNaHSO3sodiumhydrogensulfiteKMnO4potassiumpermanganateNaClOsodiumhypochloride四有机物的命名1)命名正烷基时，只需把烷烃的词尾“-ane换成“-yl”，加在相应的烷烃的字首后2)字母规则：ButylEthylIsopropylMethylNeopentyltert-PentylPropyl3)环烷烃：只需在所对应的烷烃前加上cyclo-即可74)有些结构较复杂的烷基，需添加词头5)烯烃和炔烃命名时将相应的烷烃的词尾“烷”(ane)改为“烯”(ene)或“炔”(yne)，后缀前加上不饱和键的编号即可。当所带的双键或叁键不止一个时，可在前边加上di-，tri-，tetra-等希腊前缀来表示6)烃类分子中同时含有双键和叁键时成为烯炔，命名时烯在前炔在后，双键的编号写在前面，叁键的定位号写在表示炔烃词尾之前。例如：87）顺式cis-，反式trans-二汉译英Unit1Theearlybeginningsofchemistrywereclearlymotivatedbypracticalneedsofpeople.早期的化学显然是出于实际的需要。火的发现为远古人提供了第一个机会去实现控制化学反应过程。他们学会制备铜制物品，铜和其它材料是现成的。.由于化学过程的使用早于人们的书写，因而没有书面记录有关它们的化学技巧。可以判断他们的化学能力只有从考古的发现的各个手工艺品。正如早期的数学发展，清楚的预示着实际需求影响着化学的发展。但化学和数学在这个阶段可能没有互相影响。如果它们影响了，但是没有记录证明这个。Now,mostdictionariesdefinechemistryasthesciencethatdealswiththecomposition,structure,andpropertiesofsubstancesandthereactionsbywhichonesubstanceisconvertedintoanother.现在，很多词典把化学定义为涉及物质的组成、结构、性质以及一种9物质转为另一种反应的科学。知道化学的定义，然而，并不与知道它的具体涵义相同。本质上，化学是一门实验科学。实验提供两个重要角色。它形成了明确理论必须解释的问题是观察的基础以及提供了一中检查新理论的有效性的方式。