英美文学期末考试

名词解释1、英国浪漫主义（EnglandRomanticism）Amovementthatflourishedinliterature,philosophy,music,andartinwesterncultureduringmostofthe19thcentury,beginningasrevoltagainstclassicism.Romanticismgaveprimaryconcerntopassionemotion,andnaturalbeauty.TheEnglishRomanticPeriodisanageofpoetry.2.英雄双行体（HeroicCouplet）Heroiccoupletisarhymingcoupletofiambicpentameter,oftencontainingacompletethough.Thereisafairlyheavyattheendofthefirstlineandastillheavieroneattheendofthesecond.Commonlythereisaparalleloranantithesiswithinaline,orbetweenthetwolines.ItiscalledheroicbecauseinEngland,especiallyintheeighteenthcentury,itwasmuchusedforheroic(epic)poems.3.超验主义（Transcendentalism）InNewEngland,anintellectualmovementknowntranscendentalismdevelopedasanAmericanversionofRomanticism.ThemovementbeganamonganinfluentialsetauthorsbasedinConcord,Massachusetts,andwasledRalphWaldoEmerson.LikeRomanticism,transcendentalismrejectedboth18th-centuryrationalismandestablishedreligion,whichforthetranscendentalistsmeantthePuritantraditioninparticular.Instead,thetranscendentalistscelebratedthepowerofthehumanimaginationtocommunewiththeuniverseandtranscendthelimitationsofthematerialworld.Thetranscendentalistsfoundtheirchiefsourceofaspirationinnature.4.迷茫的一代（LostGeneration）TheLostGenerationreferstothedisillusionedintellectualsandartistsoftheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar,whorebelledagainstformeridealsandvaluesbutcouldreplacethemonlybydespairorcynicalhedonism.5.启蒙运动（EnlightenmentMovement）TheEnlightenmentMovementwasaprogressivemovement,whichflourishedinFranceandsweptthewholeWesternEuropeatthetime.ItwasafurtheranceoftheRenaissancefromthe14thtothe17thcentury.Itspurposewastoenlightenthewholeworldwiththelightofmodernphilosophicalandartisticideas.TheeighteenthcenturymarkedthebeginningofanintellectualmovementinEuropeknownastheEnlightenmentMovement.7.无韵体blankverseThisterm,whichwasfirstbroughtintoEnglandbySurrey,isusedtonametheunrhymediambicpentameterlineinpoetry.8.三一律TheThreeUnitiesTheThreeUnities,formulatedbyRenaissancedramatists,aretheunitiesoftime,placeandaction.Aplayshouldhavenoscenesirrelevanttotheaction,shouldnotcovermorethantwenty-fourhours,andshouldnotcovermorethanonelocale.6.自由体freeverseItistherhymedorunrhymedpoetrycomposedwithoutattentiontoconventionalrulesofmeter.9.现代主义ModernismModernismwasacomplexanddiverseinternational,movementinallcreativearts,originatingabouttheendofthe19thcentury.Itprovidedthegreatestrenaissanceofthe20thcentury.Itwasmadeupofmanyfacts,suchassymbolismsurrealism,cubism,expressionism,futurism,etc.10.英国文艺复兴RenaissanceThetermreferstoagreatbourgeoisculturalmovementinEuropewhichbeganinthe14thcenturyandcontinuedtothemid-17thcentury.ItfirststartedfromItalyandthenspreadalloverEurope.TheRenaissance,therefore,inessence,isahistoricalperiodinwhichtheEuropeanhumanistthinkersandscholarstriedtogetridofthoseoldfeudalisticideasinMedievalEurope.英国文学1.Beowulf:anationalepic2.TheRenaissance(原因)：(1)rediscoveriesofancientGreekandRomanculture.(2)discoveriesingeographyandastrology.(3)Religiousreformationandeconomicexpansion.3.WilliamShakespeare四大悲剧：《Hamlet》《Othello》《Macbeth》《KingLear》喜剧：《TheMerchantofVenice》:ItisacomedydramaticironictoChristian.17世纪：4.JohnMilton(约翰弥尔顿)《ParadiseLost》blankverse(无韵体诗)5.JohnBunyan(约翰班扬)《ThePilgrim’sProgress》（天路历程）：让人遵守宗教条例并且通过不断与自己薄弱意识和恶势力作斗争来自我拯救。“VanityFair”是其中最富盛名的。18世纪：6.DanielDefoe(丹尼尔笛福)《RobinsonCrusoe》:描述的是“真实的生活”，反映社会现实。7.JonathanSwift(乔纳森斯威夫特)《Gulliver’sTravels》反对，讽刺英国的社会。8.WilliamBlake(威廉布莱克)：浪漫主义起始《London》from《SongsofExperience》：消极、低调《SongsofInnocence》：乐观、热情浪漫主义时期9.WilliamWordsworth:HeusheredintheEnglishRomanticMovementwiththepopulationof“LyricalBallads”《抒情歌谣集》成就：①advocatetousedeverydaylanguage②useofhumbleandrusticlife③advocateexpressionofspontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeelings《SheDweltAmongtheUntroddenWays》《IWanderedLonelyasaCloud》10.GeorgeGordon,LordByron(乔治戈登拜伦)《DonJuan》(唐璜)《ChildeHarold’sPilgrimage》（恰尔德哈罗尔德游记）11.PercyByssheShelley(铂西比希雪莱)《OdetotheWestWind》《TheCloud》12.JohnKeats《OdetoaNightingale》(夜莺颂)13.JaneAusten(简奥斯汀)《PrideandPrejudice》(傲慢与偏见)主题：Thetitleofthisnovelrevealsthenovelist’sconcern:ifmakinggoodrelationshipisourmaintaskinlife,wemustfirsthavegoodjudgment.AccordingtoJaneAusten,ourfirstimpressionsareusuallywrong,asisshownherbythatofElizabeth.维多利亚时期14.CharlesDickens(查尔斯狄更斯)《TaleofTwoCities》(双城记)&《OliverTwist》(雾都孤儿)史诗的散文15.WilliamMakepeaceThackeray(威廉梅克匹斯萨克雷)《VanityFair》16.CharlotteBronte&EmilyBronte(夏洛蒂勃朗特&艾蜜莉勃朗特)CharlotteBronte——《JaneEyre》：第一次写家庭女教师EmilyBronte——《WutheringHeights》17.RobertBrowning(罗伯特布朗宁)——丈夫dramaticmonologues戏剧独白ElizabethBarrettBrowning——妻子《FromSonnetsfromthePortuguese》:写给她丈夫20世纪18.ThomasHardy(托马斯哈代)Nostalgia怀乡情调，他以自己家乡Wessex为背景《TessoftheD’Urbervilles》19.OscarWilde(奥斯卡伍尔德)：被认为同性恋而入狱《ThePictureofDorianGray》:唯一的一部小说20.GeorgeBernardShaw(萧伯纳)GreatestdramatistsinceShakespeare,主要关注社会问题，discussionplays21.D.H.Lawrence(劳伦斯)第一部《白孔雀》《TheWhitePeapock》《SonsandLovers》:第一部自由体，利用心理分析美国文学1.EdgarAllanPoe埃德加﹒爱伦﹒坡《toHelen》《TheRaven》乌鸦2.RalphWaldoEmerson拉尔夫﹒沃尔多﹒爱默生超验主义（transcendentalist）3.NathanielHawthorne纳撒尼尔﹒霍桑《红字》TheScarletL