Metonymy&-Synecdoche

L/O/G/OMetonymy＆SynecdocheMetonymy（转喻/换喻）thesubstitutionofthenameofonethingforthatofanotherwithwhichitiscloselyassociated.转喻是指当甲事物同乙事物不相类似，但有密切关系时，可以利用这种关系，以乙事物的名称来取代甲事物，这样的一种修辞手段。转喻的重点不是在“相似”；而是在“联想”.•相当于汉语中的借代--定义•说话或写文章时不直接说出所要表达的人或事物，而是借用与它密切相关的人或事物来代替，或用事物的局部代替整体，这种修辞方法叫借代。被替代的叫本体，替代的叫借体，本体不出现，用借体来代替。借代可使语言简洁、生动、形象化，唤起读者的联想。•巾帼不让须眉。•以「巾帼」借代女人、「须眉」借代男人。•朱门酒肉臭，路有冻死骨。杜甫•以「朱门」借代富贵之家、「死骨」借代尸体。•黄发、垂髫，并怡然自乐。《桃花源记》•以「黄发」借代老人、「垂髫」借代小孩•她希望长大后当白衣天使。•以「白衣天使」借代护士•TheworldiswatchingcloselywhattheWhiteHousewilldonext.•TheWhiteHouse--Americangovernment•“Politicalpowergrowsoutofthebarrel(桶)ofagun.”MaoZedong•themilitaryrevolution/force•Thepenismightier(强大的，有力的)thanthesword(剑).•(pen--writer;sword--fighter)•Democracyfavorsthevoteratherthanthebullet.•Vote--election,bullet--militarysolutions•Thegreyhairshouldberespected.•Thegreyhair---Theold/aged•Heistoofondofthebottles.•thebottle--wine/alcohol•Whatislearnedinthecradle(摇篮)iscarriedintothegrave.•Thingslearnedinchildhoodwillnotbeforgottentilldeath.•Landbelongingtothecrown(王冠)occupiedthebestpartofthecountry.•King/monarch新闻报导中记者们经常利用metonymy形式称呼各类人或物，给人以简洁有力而又幽默巧妙的印象。人的姓名，人体部位，地名，地址，动植物，社会职业等等，都可以用作换喻，而且可以新创，故而不断有新的换喻出现。这里是一些常见的例子。•JohnBull(约翰牛)•Heisshortandfat,withatallhatonhisheadandapairofboots(靴子)onhisfeet.•ItisthenicknameforBritain.England/theEnglishpeople(指英国或英国人)•UncleSam(山姆大叔)•TheUnitedStatesofAmerica/Americans(指美国政府或美国人)•Romeo•Lover•Helen(海伦)•BeautifulwomanTrojan(特洛伊)War•特洛伊战争是以争夺世上最漂亮的女人海伦（Helen）为起因Mainsourcesofmetonymy1.bodypartasanameforthesense,behaviororability用人的器官或其它部分代替作用或感觉•Hehasagoodearformusic.•Theabilitytoappreciateorenjoy•Hehasasharptongue.•Usingbiting(尖锐的，刺痛的)orsevere(严厉的)wordsinspeech•Hehasareadytongue.•Heisfluentandquicktoanswerquestions.•Brain/head•Wisdom,intelligence,reason•Heart•Feelings,emotions•Useyourbrains.•Herheartruledherhead.2.nameofapersonasanameforhisworksorstyle用作者代替作品•WillyouplaymesomeChopin(肖邦)?•Chopin’smusic•HaveyoueverreadJackLondon?•JackLondon’snovels3.nameofaclearsignofanobjectorapersonasanamefortheobjectortheperson用人或事物的特征代替人或物•Thosebignoses,blueeyesandyellowhairtaughtthemEnglish.•Foreignerswhopossessthesefeatures•特征代本体:即用借体（人或事物）的特征、标志去代替本体事物的名称。•圆规一面愤愤的回转身，一面絮絮的说，慢慢向外走去……（《故乡》）•因为杨二嫂长得细脚伶仃，故称之为“圆规”。4.nameofaplaceasanameforsomethingproducedorsomeeventthathappenedthere•HemethisWaterloo.•Napoleonwasdecisivelydefeated.5.instrumentorcontainerasanameforthemethod,positionorsubstance用处所或容器代替其中的人或物•Thekettleisboiling.•Thewaterinthekettleisboiling.•Thehallapplauded.•Theaudienceinthehall•工具代本体•等到惊蛰一犁土的季节，十家已有八户亮了囤底，揭不开锅。（《榆钱饭》）•“囤”是装粮食的工具，用“亮了囤底”代指缺了粮；“锅”是做饭的工具，用“揭不开锅”代指没饭吃6.trademarkorbrandasanamefortheproducts•HewasdrivingaFord(福特).•AFordcar7.locationasanameforthegovernment,institutionsorenterprises(企业)•DowningStreet(唐宁街--英国首相官邸及若干政府主要部门的所在地)•TheBritishgovernment/cabinet•BuckinghamPalace(英国)白金汉宫•英国王室，英国王宫BritishRoyalfamily•Pentagon五角大楼•美国国防部，军方theU.S.militaryestablishment•Hollywood•Americanfilm-makingindustry•WallStreet华尔街（纽约一街名）•美国金融界U.S.financialcircles•Broadway百老汇大街（纽约一街名）•美国戏剧业centrefordramasReview—givemeexamples1.bodypartasanamefromthesense,behaviororability2.nameofapersonasanameforhis/herworksorstyle3.nameofaclearsignofanobjectorapersonasanamefortheobjectortheperson4.nameofaplaceasanameforsomethingproducedorsomeeventthathappenedthere5.instrumentorcontainerasanameforthemethod,positionorsubstance6.trademarkorbrandasanamefortheproducts7.locationasanameforthegovernment,institutionsorenterprises(企业)Synecdoche（提喻）atypeoffigureofspeechcanbeincludedinmetonymyanditreferstothesubstitutioninwhichthepartstandsforthewhole,thewholeforapart,thegeneralforthespecific,thespecificforthegeneral,thematerialforthethingmade,orinshort,anyportion,section,ormainqualityforthewholeorthethingitself(orviceversa).Classification1)以局部代整体partforwhole•Therearetwomouthstofeedinmyfamily.•(mouth=person)•Godblessthehandsthatpreparedthisfood.•(hand=person)•英雄所见略同。•Greatmindsthinkalike.•Thepoormanisnowleftwithoutaroof.•Roofforhouse•Thelegscouldhardlykeepupwiththetanks.•Legsforpersonsonfoot,theinfantry(步兵)•两岸青山相对出，孤帆一片日边来《望天门山》•用船的一部分“帆”代替船。2）以整体代局部thewholeforthepart•GermanybeatArgentina2to1inthisexcitingfootballmatch.•Country--team•Shecutherselfinthekitchen.•Herselfforherfinger•MyTVisoutoforder.•TVforthecomponentsofaTVset3)Thegeneralforthespecific以一般代表特殊•用weapon代表sword,用vehicle(交通工具，车辆)代表bicycle•Thepoorcreaturecouldnolongerendurehissufferings.•Creature–man4）thespecificforthegeneral以特殊代表一般•Hehadtoearnhisdailybreadbydoingoddjobs.•bread--food5）用构成某东西的材料代表那样东西thematerialforthethingmade•Shewasdressedinsilksandsatins(缎子).•Materialforluxuriousclothes•Haveyouanycoppers(铜)?•coinmadeofcopper•Withtearsofbloodheclenched(紧握拳头)thehandthatheldthesteel.•Steelforswordmadeofsteel6)theabstractfortheconcrete,ortheconcretefortheabstract•Ihadthemuscleandtheymademoneyoutofit.•Muscleforphysicalstrength–theconcretefortheabstract•南国烽烟正十年。（《梅岭三章》）•“烽烟”，原是古代边境用以报警的烟火，这里代指战争，把战争这个抽象的概念具体化、形象化了。具体代抽象Classificationandexamples1)以局部代整体partforwhole2）以整体代局部thewholeforthepart3)Thegeneralforthespecific4）thespec