西方思想经典-复习资料

Unit1.Leviticus利未记Numbers民数记Deuteronomy申命记Genesis创世记Exodus出埃及记Matthew,Mark,Luke,JohnHebrewpatriarchs(创始人)：Abraham,IsaacandJacobGodformedmanofthedustoftheGround,andbreathedintohisnostrils(鼻孔)thebreatheoflife,andmanbecamealivingsoul.TheActsoftheApostles使徒行传TheEpistles使教书信TheRevelation启示录GospelAccordingtoMatthew–NewTestamentBeatitudes(八福词)Blessedarethepoorinspirit;Blessedaretheythatmourn(哀悼);Blessedarethemeek(温驯)；Blessedaretheywhichdohungerandthirstafterrighteousness;Blessedarethemerciful;Blessedarethepureinheart(清心寡欲)；Blessedarethepeace-maker;Blessedaretheywhichpersecutedforrighteousness’ssake.Saltandlight将真信徒比作盐和光Houseuponarock聪明的人把房子建在岩石上Houseuponthesand无知的人把房子建在沙土之上Saltoftheearth精英份子Miracleandwondersandsigns:pervasiveactivities无所不在的行为Thundersandlightning:God’smightypower⑦ajealousGod:aGodwhotolerantnorivals⑥originalsin:istheChristiandoctrineofhumanity’sstateofsinresultingfromthefallofman,naturallythesinofeatingfruitsfromthetreeofknowledgeofGodandevilstemmingfromAdam’srebellinginEden.SaintAugustinelinkthistohumansexuality.2.WhatarethedifferencebetweentheGodintheOldTestamentandJesusintheNewTestament?Godiscruelandviolent;Jesusismercifulandgracious.Cursesandblesses,fearingGodandLovingGod.Unit2.Totheglory,thatmayGreece;AndthegrandeurthatwasRoman!TheDarkAge(1000—750?BC):lackofwrittenrecordsArchaicAge(750—480BC)古代时期ClassicalAge(480—323BC)古典时期TheApology申辩论—Socrates(469—399BC)Socrates’sAccuser:MeletusandAugtusandLycon\DeathisadreamlesssleepandarelocationtoanotherplaceSocratesisaccusedof1.Corruptingtheyoung2.Notbelievinginthegodsofthecity3.BelievinginotherspiritsPlato(428—347BC)establishedthefirst“EuropeanUniversity”,theAcademyinAthens.Forms:Formsarethosechangeless,eternal,andnonmaterialessencesorpatternsofwhichtheactualvisibleobjectsweseeareonlypoorcopies.ThereistheFormoftheTriangle,andallthetrianglesweseearemerecopiesofthatForm.AllegoryoftheCave：①ImprisonmentinthecavePlatohasSocratesdescribeagatheringofpeoplewhohavelivedchainedtothewallofacavealloftheirlives,facingablankwall.Thepeoplewatchshadowsprojectedonthewallfromthingspassinginfrontofafirebehindthem,andtheybegintogivenamestotheseshadows.Theshadowsareascloseastheprisonersgettoviewingreality.②DeparturefromthecavePlatothensupposesthatoneprisonerisfreed,beingforcedtoturnandseethefire.Thelightwouldhurthiseyesandmakeithardforhimtoseetheobjectsthatarecastingtheshadows.Butslowly,hiseyesadjusttothelightofthesun.Firsthecanonlyseeshadows.Graduallyhecanseethereflectionsofpeopleandthingsinwaterandthenlaterseethepeopleandthingsthemselves.Eventuallyheisabletolookatthestarsandmoonatnightuntilfinallyhecanlookuponthesunitself.③ReturntothecavePlatocontinues,sayingthatthefreedprisonerwouldthinkthattherealworldwassuperiortotheworldheexperiencedinthecave,hewouldwanttobringhisfellowcavedwellersoutofthecaveandintothesunlight.Thereturningprisoner,whoseeyeshavebecomeacclimatedtothelightofthesun,wouldbeblindwhenhere-entersthecave,justashewaswhenhewasfirstexposedtothesun.Theprisoners,accordingtoSocrates,wouldinferfromthereturningman'sblindnessthatthejourneyoutofthecavehadharmedhimandthattheyshouldnotundertakeasimilarjourney.Socratesconcludesthattheprisoners,iftheywereable,wouldthereforereachoutandkillanyonewhoattemptedtodragthemoutofthecaveTheworldweseearetheworldofForms.Knowledgeofformsisinnate,theyareabstractandweknowthemthroughoursoul,throughintuition.EveryobjectweseecopiesaForm.TheseobjectsarejustshadowofaForm.WecancometograsptheFormswithourheadscultivatedbyinstructors.AxialAge:KarlJasperscreatedtheterm“AxialAge”ofhumancivilizationfortheperiod800-200BCexemplifiedbyworld’sgreatestspiritualleadersinTheOriginandGodofHistory.Themostextraordinaryeventsareconcentratedinthisperiod.EverythingimpliedduringthesefewcenturiesalmostsimultaneouslyinChina,IndiaandtheWest,withoutanyoneoftheseregionsknowingoftheothers.14.WhatisPlato’sidealstatecomposedof?Thelowestclass(merchantclass)aregovernedbytheirappetite,thesoldier(militaryclass)isgovernedbyhiswill,thephilosophicpersonisgovernedbyreason.Inthebestformofgovernment,whichPlatoconsiderstobearistocracy,justiceoccurswheneachofthesetypesofpersondoeshisaappointedtask;thismeansthatjusticeisservedwheneveryonekeepshisorherplace.Thisisruledbyagroupofcarefullytrainedmenandwomenoverfifty,whoareallphilosophersUnit3.Lyceum逍遥学派10.DifferencesbetweenPlatoandAristotle?Platoobservedtheworldwiththewayofmathematics.HeisanidealistandinterestedinForms.Heapplieddeduction(fromgeneraltospecific)andlookedfortheidealstate.Aristotlewasmoreinterestedinsenseandbecameanempiricistwiththewayofbiology.Heappliedthewayofinduction(fromspecifictogeneral),seekingsolutionproblemsofliving.ThePolitics政治学--Aristotle15.WhatarethetrueformsandperversionsofgovernmentaccordingtoAristotle?Thetrueformsofgovernmentarethoseinwhichtheone,orthefew,orthemany,governwithaviewtothecommoninterest.Butgovernmentwhichrulewithaviewtotheprivateinterest,whetheroftheoneorofthefew,orofthemany,areperversions,andtheperversionareasfollowsofroyalty,tyranny;ofaristocracy(贵族政体),oligarchy(寡头政府);ofconstitutiongovernment,de