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有机物英文命名Companynumber:【0089WT-8898YT-W8CCB-BUUT-202108】附录七有机物命名规则有机物的英文名称有机化合物英文名称要表示出碳链的长短和所带的基团种类。Thetwobasicfeatures:arootindicatinghowmanycarbonatomsareinthelongestcontinuouschainofcarbonatomsaprefixand/orsuffixtoindicatethefamilytowhichthecompoundbelongs.putsthethreepartsofthename(branch+root+family)togethertoformthecompoundsname,withthebranchnamesprefixingtheroot,andthefamilynametakingitsusualform.一,碳链的长短(root,烷烃为例)methane[甲烷];甲基:methylethane[乙烷];乙基:ethylpropane[丙烷]丙基:(n,iso)propyln-,正,iso-异butane[丁烷];丁基:(n,iso,sec,叔:tert)butylpentane[戊烷];pentadecane[十五烷]hexane[己烷]hexadecane[十六烷];heptane[庚烷];heptadecane[十七烷];octane[辛烷];octadecane[十八烷]nonane[壬烷];nonadecane[十九烷];decane[葵烷];undecane[十一烷];dodecane[十二烷]tridecane[十三烷];tetradecane[十四烷];二,基团的种类(family)1,脂肪族烷:-ane;烯:-ene;炔:-yne;醇:-ol;醛:-al;酮:-one;酸:-oic醚:ether;(含氧酸盐)酯:-ate;poly-,聚cyclo-环例子:2-pentene:2-戊烯pentyne:戊炔3-pentanol:3-戊醇pentanal:戊醛pentanone:戊酮pentanoicacid:戊酸sodiumpentanoate:戊酸钠ethylpropanate:戊酸乙酯dimethylether:二甲醚1,3-cyclopentadiene:1,3-环戊二烯polyethylene:聚乙烯cis[trans]-dichloroethylene:顺[反]-二氯乙烯potassium2,3-dichloropropanate:2,3-二氯戊酸钾2,芳香族:苯:benzene;苯酚:phenol;溴苯:bromobenzeneo-:邻m-:间p-:对邻二溴苯:o-dibromobenzene对二硝基苯:p-dinitrobenzenebenzonicacid:苯甲酸sodiumbenzonate:苯甲酸钠m-chlorobenzonicacid:间-氯代苯甲酸饱和Saturated烃:只含C,H的化合物Hydrogen去词尾+carbon——→hydrocarbon烃(可数名词)烷烃的常见英汉对照:Alkanes烷烃Alk——烃的组成标志-ane烷的特征词尾Saturatedaliphatichydrocarbons饱和脂肪烃Paraffin石蜡烃或链烷烃直链烷烃Straightchainalkanes(一)数词全部数词在命名中只作前缀使用,它与英语日用数词完全不同应单独记忆。1、从1~4的词头,作为主链母体词头时,英汉对照为英:methaethapropabuta汉:甲乙丙丁作侧链基团数目词头则只准用:英:monodi(bi)tritetracyclooctatetraene汉:一二三四2、从5~10,不论主链碳数或侧链基团数的英文词头由英:pentahexaheptaoctaennea(nona)deca汉:戊己庚辛壬葵3、英文数目从10开始用“-deca”表示“+”的基数,从11到19又加前缀:hen-hendeca(undeca)十一do-dodeca十二tri-trideca十三tetra-+-deca=tetradeca十四………octa-octadeca十八nona-nonadeca十九4、eicosa是二十的词头,heneicosa二十一,但从22~29则以“-cosa”表示“二十”基数do-docosa二十二octa+-cosa=octacosa二十八nona-nonacosa二十九5、从30起,基数“+”用“aconta”为代号,前缀数词,构词如下:tri-triaconta三十tetra-+-(a)conta=tetraconta四十……octa-octaconta八十nona-nonaconta九十ennea-enneaconta6、若30以后又有个位数,则将个位数词头加十位数前缀之:例:tritriaconta三十三pentahexaconta六十五(二)直链烷构词:构词法:按直链烷烃的碳原子总数选择相应的数目词作词头,去掉词尾“-a”+“-ane”=某烷methane甲烷butane丁烷dotriacontane三十二烷支链烷烃Branchedchainalkanes一、命名规则(1)选最长碳链作母体(2)侧链作为烷基(3)序号最小(4)选取代基多(5)侧链作前缀a:氨基字头字母顺序b:先简后繁二、烷基命名1、烷基为简单直链:数词词头去尾“-a”换“-yl”=某烷基metha-------methyletha-------ethyl…penta-------pentyl(amyl)2、支链烷基构词常用两种前缀:俗/标CH3CH2CH2CHCH31-methylbutyl1-甲基丁基CH3CH2CH2CHCH3sec-pentyl仲戊基sec-仲,iso-异,tert-叔,neo-新3-methylbutyl3-甲基丁基iso-pentyl异戊基1,1-dimethylpropyl1,1-二甲基丙基CH3CHCH2CH2CH3CH3CHCH2CH2CH3CH3CCH3H3CH2Ctert-pentyl叔戊基CH3CCH3CH3CH22,2-dimethylpropyl2,2-甲基丙基neo-pentyl新戊基三、支链烷烃的命名构词(1)最长链作词尾(2)侧链烷基作前缀(3)基团加序号CH3CH2CH2CHCH3CH32-methylpentane(2-甲基戊烷)CH3CHCH2CH2CHCH3CH3CHCH2CH3CH32,5,6-trimethyloctane(2,5,6-三甲基辛烷)CH3CH2CCH3CH2CH3CH2CH33-ethyl-3-methylpentane3-甲基-3-乙基戊烷环烷烃Cycloalkanes;AlicydicHydrocarbons1、简单环烷cyclo—接直链对应烷全词=cyclo…ane链烷环烷CH3CH2CCH2CH2CHCH3CH3CH2CH3CH2CH2CH36-ethyl-3,3-dimethylnonane4-(1-methylethyl)-5-propylnonane4-isopropyl-5-propylnonaneCH3CH2CH2CHCHCH3CH3CHCH2CH2CH3CHCH2CH2CH3H3CH2CCCH3CH3CH32,2-dimethylbutane(neohexane新己烷)CH3CH2CH3PropanecyclopropaneCH3(CH2)2CH3ButanecyclobutaneCH3(CH2)3CH3PentanecyclopentaneCH3(CH2)4CH3Hexanecyclohexane2、含烷基的环烷(1)烷基简单时构词顺序烷基前缀+母体环烷全称=…ylcyclo…ane某某环某烷CH3methyl+cyclohexane=methylcyclohexane甲基环己烷CH3CH3CH2CH2CH31,1-dimethyl-3-propylcyclopentane(2)侧链复杂,环烷作取代基前缀,最长链作母体3、桥环Bridgedrings构词顺序:词头写总环数,用bicyclo,-tricyclo等表示二环,三环。接着写方括号[]。括号中写阿拉伯数字由大到小表示各桥上的直链烷作词尾。顺序编号由桥头开始沿长桥绕中桥至短桥结束。编号必须由桥头开始2-cyclobutyl-3-methylbutane2-甲基-3-环丁基丁烷CH3CHCHCH3CH3CH3CHCH2CH32-cyclopropylbutane2-环丙基丁烷例:3、螺环烷Spirocyclanes,Spiro-hydrocarbons一个碳原子同在两个单环上叫螺(spiro-),有几个碳原子就叫几螺。词头用:spiro,dispiro-,trispiro-等表示。螺后接方括号,其中标注各螺原子间夹的碳原子数,由小到大,编号亦按此顺序。词尾把整个环上碳原子总数对应的直链烷全词接上。注意编号由小环起绕过螺原子进行,不得错乱。例:12345678910dispiro[3,0,3,2]decanespiropentane烯烃(Alkenes)一、命名规则:HCCHCH2CH2H2C12345bicyclo[2,1,0]pentane12345678CHCHCH2HCCHCH2H2CH2Ctricyclo[3,2,1,02,4]octane5-ethyl-1,2-HCCHCH2HCHCCH3C2H5Spiro[4,4]nonane俗名[Spirobicyclopentane螺二环戊烷]12345678Spiro[3,4]octane1、含双键最长链;2、母体将相应烷的词尾“-ane”改为“烯”的词尾“-ene”。(普通命名用“-ylene”);3、双键以最小序号;4、余同烷烃;5、多烯词是在“-ene”前加数词词头。例:CH2CH2:ethane(ethylene):cyclopropene(cyclopropylene)CH3CH2CHCH2:1-buteneCH2CHCHCH2:1,3-butadiene1,3-丁二烯:1,3-cyclopentadiene:cyclooctatetraene环辛四烯CH3CHCH2CCH2CH3CH3:2,4-dimethyl-1-pentenenCH2CH2*CH2CH2*npolyetheneMonomerPolymer结构复杂时还应注意编号及书写格式:12345CHCCHHCH2CCH3:2-methylbicyclo[2,1,0]-2-penteneCH31234567891-methylspiro[4,4]-2,7-nonadiene1-甲基螺[4,4]-2,7-壬二烯二、顺反异构:常见单词:geometricalisomerism几何异构stereo-isomerism立体异构Z,E-isomerismZ,E异构cis-trans-isomerism顺反异构configurationalisomerism构型异构opticalisomerism(光学)旋光异构a.烯烃:用Z,E表示例:CCCH3CH3HHCCCH3CH3HHZ-2-buteneE-2-butene(cis-2-butene)(trans-2-butene)CCCH3CH2CHH3CHCH3CH3:(E)-2,4-dimethyl-3-hexene(E)-1,4-dichloro-3-(2-chloroethyl)-2-methyl-2-penteneb.环烷:cis-trans只有在环烷里cir-trans译为顺、反CH3CH3trans-1,2-dimethylcylopentaneCH3CH3cis-1,2-dimethycyclopenteneCH3CH3CH3cis-cis-1,2,3-trimethylcyclopentanecis-trans-1,2,3-trimethylcyclopen
本文标题:有机物英文命名
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